Babban editan: Canja canjin kwayoyin halitta daga mahauci zuwa likitan fida

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• Sunan marubuci

  Quantumrun Haskaka
• Bari 10, 2023

Yayin juyin juya hali, gyaran kwayoyin halitta ya kasance yanki na rashin tabbas saboda tsarin sa na kuskure na yanke duka sassan DNA. Babban editan yana gab da canza duk waɗannan. Wannan hanya tana amfani da sabon enzyme da ake kira babban edita, wanda zai iya yin takamaiman canje-canje ga lambar kwayoyin halitta ba tare da yanke DNA ba, yana ba da damar ƙarin daidaito da ƙarancin maye gurbi.

Babban editan mahallin

Gyaran halittar halittu yana bawa masana kimiyya damar yin daidaitattun canje-canje ga ka'idojin kwayoyin halitta masu rai. Ana iya amfani da wannan fasaha don aikace-aikace daban-daban, ciki har da magance cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta, haɓaka sabbin magunguna, da haɓaka amfanin gona. Koyaya, hanyoyin da ake amfani da su a yanzu, kamar CRISPR-Cas9, sun dogara ne akan yanke sassan DNA guda biyu, waɗanda zasu iya gabatar da kurakurai da maye gurbi marasa niyya. Babban gyara wata sabuwar hanya ce da ke da nufin shawo kan waɗannan iyakoki. Bugu da ƙari, yana iya yin sauye-sauye daban-daban, gami da sakawa ko share manyan ɓangarorin DNA.

A cikin 2019, masu binciken Jami'ar Harvard, karkashin jagorancin masanin sunadarai kuma masanin halittu Dr. David Liu, sun kirkiro babban editan, wanda yayi alkawarin zama likitan tiyata wanda gyaran kwayoyin halitta ke bukata ta hanyar yanke igiya daya kawai kamar yadda ake bukata. Sigar farko na wannan fasaha suna da iyaka, kamar samun damar gyara takamaiman nau'ikan sel. A cikin 2021, ingantaccen sigar, wanda ake kira twin Prime editing, ya gabatar da pegRNA guda biyu (RNAs na farko na gyarawa, waɗanda ke aiki azaman kayan yankan) waɗanda zasu iya gyara mafi girman jeri na DNA (fiye da nau'i-nau'i na tushe sama da 5,000, waɗanda sune matakan tsani na DNA. ).

A halin yanzu, masu bincike a Cibiyar Broad sun gano hanyoyin da za su inganta ingantaccen gyare-gyare na farko ta hanyar gano hanyoyin salula wanda ke iyakance tasirinsa. Binciken ya nuna cewa sabbin tsarin na iya samun ingantaccen gyara maye gurbi wanda ke haifar da cutar Alzheimer, cututtukan zuciya, sikila, cututtukan prion, da nau'in ciwon sukari na 2 tare da ƙarancin sakamakon da ba a yi niyya ba.

Tasiri mai rudani

Babban gyare-gyare na iya gyara ƙarin hadaddun maye gurbi ta samun ingantaccen canji na DNA, shigarwa, da tsarin gogewa. Ƙarfin fasaha na yin aiki a kan manyan kwayoyin halitta shi ma muhimmin mataki ne, saboda kashi 14 cikin XNUMX na nau'in maye gurbi ana samun su a cikin irin waɗannan nau'ikan kwayoyin halitta. Dokta Liu da tawagarsa sun amince cewa fasahar tana kan matakin farko, har ma da dukkan karfinta. Duk da haka, suna ci gaba da yin nazari don wata rana amfani da fasaha don maganin warkewa. Aƙalla, suna fatan sauran ƙungiyoyin bincike suma za su gwada fasaha da haɓaka haɓakarsu da amfani da shari'o'in. 

Ƙila haɗin gwiwar ƙungiyar bincike zai iya karuwa yayin da ake gudanar da ƙarin gwaje-gwaje a wannan filin. Misali, binciken Cell ya nuna haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Jami'ar Harvard, Jami'ar Princeton, Jami'ar California San Francisco, Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts, da Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Howard Hughes, da sauransu. A cewar masu binciken, ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa tare da ƙungiyoyi daban-daban, sun sami damar fahimtar tsarin gyare-gyare na farko da kuma inganta wasu sassa na tsarin. Bugu da ari, haɗin gwiwar yana aiki a matsayin babban misali na yadda zurfin fahimta zai iya jagorantar shirin gwaji.

Aikace-aikace don babban gyara

Wasu aikace-aikacen don babban gyara na iya haɗawa da:

• Masana kimiyya suna amfani da fasahar don girma lafiyayyun sel da gabobin don dasawa baya ga gyara maye gurbi kai tsaye.
• Canji daga magungunan warkewa da gyare-gyare zuwa haɓakar kwayoyin halitta kamar tsayi, launin ido, da nau'in jiki.
• Ana amfani da babban gyare-gyare don inganta amfanin gona da juriya ga kwari da cututtuka. Hakanan ana iya amfani dashi don ƙirƙirar sabbin nau'ikan amfanin gona waɗanda suka fi dacewa da yanayi daban-daban ko yanayin girma.
• Ƙirƙirar sababbin nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta da sauran ƙwayoyin cuta masu amfani ga tsarin masana'antu, kamar samar da albarkatun ruwa ko tsaftace gurbatar muhalli.
• Haɓaka damar aiki don dakunan bincike, masana kimiyyar halitta, da ƙwararrun fasahar kere-kere.

Tambayoyin da za a duba

• Ta yaya gwamnatoci za su tsara babban gyara?
• Ta yaya kuma kuke ganin babban editan zai iya canza yadda ake bi da cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta da gano cutar?