Kwamfutoci masu amfani da ƙwayoyin kwakwalwar ɗan adam: Mataki zuwa ga hankali na organoid

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  Quantumrun Haskaka
• Satumba 27, 2023

Takaitacciyar fahimta

Masu bincike suna haɓaka na'urori masu amfani da ƙwayoyin cuta ta hanyar amfani da organoids na kwakwalwa, waɗanda ke da mahimmancin aikin kwakwalwa da sassan tsarin. Waɗannan na'urori masu amfani da kwayoyin halitta suna da yuwuwar yin juyin juya hali na keɓaɓɓen magani, haɓaka haɓakar tattalin arziki a masana'antar fasahar kere kere, da haifar da buƙatar ƙwararrun ma'aikata. Koyaya, damuwa na ɗabi'a, sabbin dokoki da ƙa'idodi, da yuwuwar tabarbarewar rarrabuwar lafiya dole ne a magance su yayin da wannan fasaha ta ci gaba.

Kwamfutoci masu ƙarfi ta hanyar mahallin ƙwayoyin kwakwalwar ɗan adam

Masu bincike daga fagage daban-daban suna haɗin gwiwa don haɓaka na'urori masu amfani da kwayoyin halitta waɗanda ke amfani da al'adun ƙwayoyin kwakwalwa masu girma uku, waɗanda aka sani da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta, a matsayin tushen nazarin halittu. An bayyana shirinsu na cimma wannan buri a cikin labarin 2023 da aka buga a mujallar kimiyya Gaba a Kimiyya. Kwakwal organoids al'adar tantanin halitta da ta girma a dakin gwaje-gwaje. Ko da yake ba ƙananan nau'ikan kwakwalwa ba ne, suna da muhimman al'amura na aikin ƙwaƙwalwa da tsari, kamar su neurons da sauran ƙwayoyin kwakwalwa waɗanda ake buƙata don ƙwarewar fahimi kamar koyo da ƙwaƙwalwa. 

A cewar daya daga cikin mawallafin, Farfesa Thomas Hartung daga Jami’ar Johns Hopkins, yayin da kwamfutoci masu amfani da siliki suka yi fice a lissafin lambobi, kwakwalwar kwakwale ta fi koyo. Ya buga misali da AlphaGo, AI da ya yi nasara a kan Gwarzon dan wasan duniya a shekarar 2017. An horar da AlphaGo kan bayanai daga wasanni 160,000, wanda zai sa mutum ya rika yin sa’o’i biyar a kullum sama da shekaru 175. 

Ba wai kawai ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwalwa sun fi koyo ba, har ma sun fi ƙarfin kuzari. Misali, makamashin da ake buƙata don horar da AlphaGo zai iya tallafawa balagagge mai aiki har tsawon shekaru goma. A cewar Hartung, kwakwalwa kuma suna da ikon adana bayanai, wanda aka kiyasta a terabytes 2,500. Yayin da kwamfutocin silicon ke kaiwa iyakarsu, kwakwalwar ɗan adam ta ƙunshi kusan ɗimbin jijiyoyi biliyan 100 da aka haɗa ta sama da maki 10^15, babban bambanci mai ƙarfi idan aka kwatanta da fasahar data kasance.

Tasiri mai rudani

Ƙimar hankali na organoid (OI) ya wuce fiye da ƙididdiga zuwa magani. Saboda dabarar majagaba da masu kyautar Nobel John Gurdon da Shinya Yamanaka suka kirkira, ana iya samar da kwayoyin halittar kwakwalwa daga kyallen jikin manya. Wannan fasalin yana ba masu bincike damar ƙirƙirar ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta na musamman ta amfani da samfuran fata daga marasa lafiya da ke fama da cututtukan jijiyoyin jini kamar Alzheimer's. Sannan za su iya gudanar da gwaje-gwaje daban-daban don bincika tasirin abubuwan da ke tattare da kwayoyin halitta, magunguna, da gubobi a kan waɗannan yanayi.

Hartung ya bayyana cewa ana kuma iya amfani da OI don yin nazarin abubuwan fahimi na cututtukan jijiya. Misali, masu bincike za su iya kwatanta samuwar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya a cikin ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda aka samo daga mutane masu lafiya da waɗanda ke da cutar Alzheimer, ƙoƙarin magance ƙarancin da ke da alaƙa. Bugu da ƙari, ana iya amfani da OI don bincika ko wasu abubuwa, kamar magungunan kashe qwari, suna ba da gudummawa ga ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ko lamuran ilmantarwa.

Duk da haka, ƙirƙirar kwayoyin halittar kwakwalwar ɗan adam tare da ikon koyo, tunawa, da hulɗa tare da kewayen su yana gabatar da matsalolin ɗabi'a masu rikitarwa. Tambayoyi sun taso, irin su ko waɗannan kwayoyin halitta zasu iya samun sani-ko da a cikin tsari na asali - dandana zafi ko wahala da kuma abin da ya kamata mutane su kasance da su game da kwayoyin halittar kwakwalwa da aka halicce su daga sel. Masu binciken suna da cikakkiyar masaniya game da waɗannan ƙalubalen. Hartung ya jaddada cewa wani muhimmin al'amari na hangen nesa shi ne bunkasa OI bisa da'a da kuma al'umma. Don magance wannan, masu binciken sun haɗa kai da masu ilimin ɗabi'a tun daga farkon farawa don aiwatar da tsarin "da'a da aka haɗa". 

Abubuwan da ke tattare da kwamfutoci masu amfani da ƙwayoyin kwakwalwar ɗan adam

Faɗin abubuwan da ke tattare da kwamfutoci da ƙwayoyin kwakwalwar ɗan adam ke iya haɗawa da: 

• Sirrin hankali na Organoid yana haifar da keɓaɓɓen magani ga mutanen da ke fama da raunin kwakwalwa ko cututtuka, yana ba da damar samun ƙarin ingantattun jiyya. Wannan ci gaban zai iya haifar da tsofaffi suna rayuwa mafi zaman kansu tare da rage nauyin cututtuka da ingantacciyar rayuwa.
• Sabbin damar haɗin gwiwar masana'antu tare da fasahar kere-kere da masana'antun magunguna, waɗanda ke iya haifar da haɓakar tattalin arziki da samar da ayyukan yi a waɗannan sassa.
• Ci gaba a cikin tsarin kiwon lafiya na ƙasa. Gwamnatoci na iya buƙatar saka hannun jari a wannan fasaha don ci gaba da yin gasa tare da inganta sakamakon kiwon lafiyar jama'a, wanda zai haifar da muhawara game da rabon kuɗi da ba da fifiko.
• Ƙirƙira a wasu fagage, kamar basirar wucin gadi, robotics, da bioinformatics, yayin da masu bincike ke neman haɗawa da kwamfutoci don tsawaita ko haɓaka ayyukan fasahar da ake da su. 
• Ƙarfafa buƙatun ƙwararrun ma'aikata a fannin fasahar kere-kere da fannonin da ke da alaƙa. Wannan motsi na iya buƙatar sabbin shirye-shiryen ilimi da sake horarwa.
• Abubuwan da suka shafi ɗabi'a da ke tattare da amfani da ƙwayoyin ɗan adam da kyallen takarda a cikin na'urorin lantarki, da yuwuwar yin amfani da waɗannan fasahohin don wasu dalilai ban da kiwon lafiya, kamar su bioweapons ko kayan haɓaka kayan kwalliya.
• Sabbin dokoki da ƙa'idodi da ake buƙata don gudanar da amfani, haɓakawa, da aikace-aikacen wannan fasaha, daidaita sabbin abubuwa tare da la'akari da ɗabi'a da amincin jama'a.
• Leken asiri na Organoid yana lalata bambance-bambancen da ake samu a cikin samun damar kiwon lafiya da sakamako, saboda kasashe da mutane masu arziki suna iya amfana da fasahar. Magance wannan batu na iya buƙatar haɗin gwiwar duniya da raba albarkatu don tabbatar da rarraba daidaitattun fa'idodin wannan fasaha.

Tambayoyin da za a duba

• Menene sauran ƙalubale masu yuwuwa wajen haɓaka hankali na organoid?
• Ta yaya masu bincike za su iya tabbatar da cewa an haɓaka waɗannan nau'ikan injinan halittu kuma an yi amfani da su cikin gaskiya?