Yansandan tsinkaya: Hana laifi ko ƙarfafa son zuciya?

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• Sunan marubuci

  Quantumrun Haskaka
• Bari 25, 2023

Yin amfani da tsarin basirar ɗan adam (AI) don gano tsarin aikata laifuka da kuma ba da shawarar zaɓin shiga tsakani don hana ayyukan aikata laifuka a nan gaba na iya zama sabuwar hanya mai ban sha'awa ga hukumomin tilasta bin doka. Ta hanyar nazarin bayanai kamar rahotannin laifuka, bayanan 'yan sanda, da sauran bayanan da suka dace, algorithms na iya gano alamu da yanayin da zai iya zama da wahala ga ɗan adam ganowa. Koyaya, aikace-aikacen AI a cikin rigakafin aikata laifuka yana haifar da wasu tambayoyi masu mahimmanci na ɗa'a da aiki. 

Mahallin aikin 'yan sanda tsinkaya

’Yan sandan tsinkaya suna amfani da kididdigar laifuka na gida da algorithm don yin hasashen inda za a iya yin laifi a gaba. Wasu jami'an 'yan sanda masu tsinkaya sun kara canza wannan fasaha don yin hasashen girgizar kasa bayan girgizar kasa don nuna wuraren da ya kamata 'yan sanda su rika sintiri akai-akai don dakile aikata laifuka. Baya ga “masu zafi,” fasahar tana amfani da bayanan kama mutane don gano irin mutumin da zai iya aikata laifuka. 

Mai ba da software na aikin ɗan sanda na tushen Amurka Geolitica (wanda aka fi sani da PredPol), wanda a halin yanzu ƙungiyoyin tilasta bin doka da yawa ke amfani da fasaharta, ta yi iƙirarin cewa sun cire ɓangaren tseren a cikin bayanansu don kawar da wuce gona da iri na mutane masu launi. Koyaya, wasu bincike masu zaman kansu waɗanda gidan yanar gizon fasaha Gizmodo da ƙungiyar bincike The Citizen Lab suka gudanar sun gano cewa algorithms a zahiri sun ƙarfafa son zuciya ga al'ummomi masu rauni.

Misali, wani shirin ‘yan sanda da ya yi amfani da na’ura mai kwakwalwa wajen hasashen wadanda ke cikin hadarin shiga cikin munanan laifukan da suka shafi bindiga ya fuskanci suka bayan da aka bayyana cewa kashi 85 cikin 2017 na wadanda aka gano cewa suna da mafi girman hadarin, maza ne Ba’amurke maza, wasu da babu wani rikodin tashin hankali a baya. Shirin, wanda ake kira Jerin Jigogin Dabaru, ya zo ƙarƙashin bincike a cikin XNUMX lokacin da Chicago Sun-Times ta samu kuma ta buga bayanan lissafin. Wannan lamarin yana nuna yiwuwar nuna son kai a cikin yin amfani da AI a cikin aiwatar da doka da kuma mahimmancin yin la'akari da haɗarin haɗari da sakamakon kafin aiwatar da waɗannan tsarin.

Tasiri mai rudani

Akwai wasu fa'idodi ga aikin ɗan sanda mai tsinkaya idan an yi daidai. Rigakafin aikata laifuka babbar fa'ida ce, kamar yadda Sashen 'yan sanda na Los Angeles ya tabbatar, wanda ya ce algorithms ɗin su ya haifar da raguwar 19 bisa ɗari na ɓarna a cikin wuraren da aka nuna. Wata fa'ida ita ce yanke shawara ta tushen lamba, inda bayanai ke tsara tsari, ba son zuciya ba. 

Duk da haka, masu sukar sun jaddada cewa saboda an samo waɗannan bayanan ne daga sassan 'yan sanda na gida, waɗanda ke da tarihin kama wasu mutane masu launi (musamman 'yan Afirka-Amurka da Latin Amurka), tsarin yana nuna kawai nuna son kai ga waɗannan al'ummomi. Dangane da binciken Gizmodo ta hanyar amfani da bayanai daga Geolitica da hukumomin tilasta bin doka da yawa, Hasashen Geolitica yana kwaikwayi tsarin rayuwa na wuce gona da iri da kuma gano al'ummomin Baƙar fata da Latino, har ma da daidaikun mutane a cikin waɗannan ƙungiyoyi waɗanda ba su da bayanan kama. 

Kungiyoyin kare hakkin jama'a sun bayyana damuwarsu kan yadda ake samun karuwar amfani da aikin 'yan sanda ba tare da ingantaccen tsarin mulki da tsare-tsare ba. Wasu sun yi iƙirarin cewa "dattin bayanai" (ƙididdigar da aka samu ta hanyar cin hanci da rashawa da ayyukan da ba bisa ka'ida ba) ana amfani da su a bayan waɗannan algorithms, kuma hukumomin da ke amfani da su suna ɓoye waɗannan ra'ayoyin a bayan "wanke fasaha" (da'awar cewa wannan fasaha na da haƙiƙa ne kawai saboda babu wani abu. sa hannun mutane).

Wani sukar da ake fuskanta ta hanyar aikin 'yan sanda shine cewa sau da yawa yana da wahala ga jama'a su fahimci yadda waɗannan algorithms ke aiki. Wannan rashin gaskiya na iya sa ya zama da wahala a yi wa hukumomin tabbatar da doka alhakin yanke shawara da suka yanke bisa hasashen wadannan tsare-tsare. Don haka, ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da yawa suna yin kira da a haramta fasahohin ƴan sanda, musamman fasahar tantance fuska. 

Abubuwan da ke tattare da aikin ɗan sanda

Faɗin tasirin aikin ɗan sanda na iya haɗawa da:

• Hakkokin jama'a da qungiyoyin da aka ware suna zage-zage da ja da baya a kan yawaitar amfani da aikin 'yan sanda, musamman a tsakanin al'ummomi masu launi.
• Matsin lamba ga gwamnati don sanya manufar sa ido ko sashe don iyakance yadda ake amfani da aikin ɗan sanda. Doka ta gaba na iya tilasta wa hukumomin 'yan sanda yin amfani da bayanan ɗan ƙasa mara son rai daga wasu ɓangarorin da gwamnati ta amince da su don horar da algorithms na aikin ɗan sanda daban-daban.
• Ƙarin hukumomin tilasta bin doka a duk duniya suna dogaro da wani nau'i na ƴan sanda masu tsinkaya don cika dabarun sintiri.
• Gwamnonin masu mulki suna amfani da gyare-gyaren nau'ikan waɗannan algorithms don tsinkaya da hana zanga-zangar ƴan ƙasa da sauran tada hankalin jama'a.
• Ƙarin ƙasashe da ke hana fasahohin tantance fuska a cikin hukumomin tilasta bin doka a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba daga jama'a.
• Ƙara ƙarar ƙararraki a kan hukumomin 'yan sanda saboda rashin amfani da algorithms wanda ya kai ga kama haram ko kuskure.

Tambayoyin da za a duba

• Kuna ganin ya kamata a yi amfani da aikin 'yan sanda masu tsinkaya?
• Ta yaya kuke tunanin algorithms na aikin 'yan sanda za su canza yadda ake aiwatar da adalci?