Txoj Cai fading Moore txoj cai los ua kom rov xav txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm microchips: Yav Tom Ntej ntawm Computers P4

Computers - lawv yog hom loj. Tab sis kom txaus siab rau qhov kev tshwm sim uas peb tau hais txog tam sim no hauv peb lub neej yav tom ntej ntawm Computers series, peb kuj yuav tsum nkag siab txog cov kev hloov pauv hloov mus rau hauv cov kav dej sib txuas, lossis yooj yim: lub neej yav tom ntej ntawm microchips.

Txhawm rau kom tau txais cov ntsiab lus tawm ntawm txoj kev, peb yuav tsum nkag siab Moore Txoj Cai, txoj cai tam sim no nto moo Dr. Gordon E. Moore nrhiav tau nyob rau hauv 1965. Qhov tseem ceeb, qhov uas Moore paub tag nrho cov xyoo dhau los yog tias cov xov tooj ntawm transistors nyob rau hauv ib qho kev sib koom ua ke ob npaug. txhua 18 mus rau 24 lub hlis. Qhov no yog vim li cas tib lub computer koj yuav hnub no rau $ 1,000 yuav raug nqi koj $ 500 ob xyoos txij li tam sim no.

Rau ntau tshaj li tsib caug xyoo, kev lag luam semiconductor tau ua neej nyob raws li txoj cai lij choj txoj kev sib koom ua ke, ua rau txoj hauv kev rau kev ua haujlwm tshiab, kev ua si video, streaming video, mobile apps, thiab txhua lwm yam digital technology uas tau txhais peb cov kab lis kev cai niaj hnub no. Tab sis thaum qhov kev thov rau qhov kev loj hlob no zoo li nws yuav nyob ruaj khov rau lwm ib nrab xyoo pua, silicon - cov khoom siv hauv cov khoom siv niaj hnub no tau tsim nrog - tsis zoo li nws yuav ua tau raws li qhov xav tau ntev dua 2021 - raws li cov kawg tsab ntawv ceeb toom los ntawm International Technology Roadmap rau Semiconductors (ITRS)

Nws yog physics tiag tiag: lub semiconductor kev lag luam yog shrinking transistors mus rau atomic scale, ib tug scale silicon yuav sai sai no tsis haum rau. Thiab qhov ntau qhov kev lag luam no sim ua kom qis silicon dhau los ntawm nws qhov kev pom zoo, qhov kim dua txhua microchip evolution yuav dhau los.

Nov yog qhov peb nyob niaj hnub no. Nyob rau hauv ob peb xyoos, silicon yuav tsis yog ib qho khoom siv tau zoo los tsim cov tiam tom ntej ntawm kev txiav-ntug microchips. Qhov kev txwv no yuav yuam kom muaj kev hloov pauv hauv hluav taws xob los ntawm kev yuam kev lag luam semiconductor (thiab zej zog) xaiv ntawm ob peb txoj kev xaiv:

• Thawj qhov kev xaiv yog ua kom qeeb, lossis xaus, kev txhim kho kim heev kom ntxiv me me silicon, hauv kev pom zoo ntawm kev nrhiav txoj hauv kev tshiab los tsim microchips uas tsim kom muaj zog ua haujlwm ntau yam tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam ntxiv.

• Thib ob, nrhiav cov ntaub ntawv tshiab uas tuaj yeem hloov kho ntawm cov nplai me dua li silicon rau cov khoom siv ntau dua ntawm cov transistors mus rau hauv cov microchips denser.

• Thib peb, es tsis txhob tsom mus rau miniaturization lossis kev txhim kho kev siv hluav taws xob, rov tsom mus rau qhov nrawm ntawm kev ua tiav los ntawm kev tsim cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb rau kev siv tshwj xeeb. Qhov no tuaj yeem txhais tau tias tsis muaj ib qho kev qhia dav dav, cov khoos phis tawj yav tom ntej yuav muaj pawg tshwj xeeb chips. Piv txwv suav nrog cov duab chips siv los txhim kho kev ua si video rau Google kev taw qhia ntawm Tensor Processing Unit (TPU) nti uas tshwj xeeb hauv kev siv tshuab kev kawm.

• Thaum kawg, tsim cov software tshiab thiab cov vaj tsev huab cua uas tuaj yeem ua haujlwm sai dua thiab ua tau zoo dua yam tsis xav tau denser / me me microchips.

Peb txoj kev lag luam tech yuav xaiv qhov twg? Tiag tiag: txhua tus ntawm lawv.

Lub neej rau Moore Txoj Cai

Cov npe hauv qab no yog ib qho luv luv rau qhov ze- thiab ntev-ntev kev tsim kho tshiab cov neeg sib tw hauv kev lag luam semiconductor yuav siv los ua kom Moore Txoj Cai ciaj sia. Qhov no yog me ntsis ntom, tab sis peb yuav sim ua kom nws nyeem tau.

Nanomaterials. Cov tuam txhab semiconductor, zoo li Intel, tau tshaj tawm tias lawv yuav poob silicon Thaum lawv ncav cuag qhov ntsuas qhov ntsuas ntawm xya nanometers (7nm). Cov neeg sib tw los hloov silicon suav nrog indium antimonide (InSb), indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs), thiab silicon-germanium (SiGe) tab sis cov khoom uas tau txais kev zoo siab tshaj plaws zoo li carbon nanotubes. Ua los ntawm graphite-nws tus kheej yog cov khoom sib xyaw ntawm cov khoom xav tsis thoob, graphene-carbon nanotubes tuaj yeem ua cov atoms tuab, yog cov khoom siv zoo heev, thiab kwv yees ua rau yav tom ntej microchips mus txog tsib zaug sai dua los ntawm 2020.

Kev suav kho qhov muag. Ib qho ntawm cov teeb meem loj tshaj plaws nyob ib ncig ntawm kev tsim cov chips yog ua kom ntseeg tau tias cov hluav taws xob tsis hla ntawm ib qho transistor mus rau lwm qhov - qhov kev txiav txim siab uas nyuaj heev thaum koj nkag mus rau qib atomic. Cov cuab yeej siv kho qhov muag pom tau zoo los hloov cov hluav taws xob nrog photons, uas lub teeb (tsis yog hluav taws xob) tau dhau los ntawm transistor mus rau transistor. Nyob rau hauv 2017, cov kws tshawb fawb tau ua ib kauj ruam loj heev rau lub hom phiaj no los ntawm kev ua kom pom lub peev xwm khaws cov ntaub ntawv teeb pom kev zoo (photons) ua suab nthwv dej ntawm lub computer nti. Siv txoj hauv kev no, microchips tuaj yeem ua haujlwm ze ntawm lub teeb nrawm los ntawm 2025.

Spintronics. Tshaj li ob xyoo caum hauv txoj kev loj hlob, spintronic transistors sim siv 'spin' ntawm ib qho hluav taws xob tsis yog nws tus nqi los sawv cev cov ntaub ntawv. Thaum tseem yog txoj kev ntev ntawm kev lag luam, yog tias daws tau, daim ntawv no ntawm transistor tsuas yog xav tau 10-20 millivolts los khiav lag luam, ntau pua zaus me dua li cov pa transistors; qhov no tseem yuav tshem tawm cov teeb meem overheating semiconductor tuam txhab uas muag ntsib thaum tsim cov chips me me.

Neuromorphic xam thiab memristors. Lwm txoj hauv kev tshiab los daws qhov teeb meem kev lag luam looming no nyob hauv tib neeg lub hlwb. Cov kws tshawb fawb ntawm IBM thiab DARPA, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, yog tus thawj coj hauv kev tsim kho tshiab ntawm microchip-ib nti uas nws cov kev sib txuas ua ke tau tsim los ua kom zoo li lub hlwb ntau dua qhov kev faib tawm thiab tsis yog-linear rau kev suav. (Saib qhov no ScienceBlogs tsab xov xwm kom nkag siab zoo dua qhov sib txawv ntawm tib neeg lub hlwb thiab cov khoos phis tawj.) Cov txiaj ntsig thaum ntxov qhia tau hais tias cov chips uas ua rau lub hlwb tsis yog tsuas yog siv tau zoo dua, tab sis lawv ua haujlwm siv cov khoom siv tsis txaus ntseeg tsawg dua li niaj hnub microchips.

Siv tib lub hlwb qauv kev ua qauv, lub transistor nws tus kheej, cov lus pov thawj lub tsev thaiv ntawm koj lub computer microchip, yuav sai sai no los ntawm lub memristor. Ushering nyob rau hauv lub "ionics" era, ib tug memristor muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm nthuav zoo dua cov tsoos transistor:

• Ua ntej, memristors tuaj yeem nco ntsoov cov electron ntws los ntawm lawv - txawm tias lub zog raug txiav. Txhais lus, qhov no txhais tau tias muaj ib hnub koj tuaj yeem qhib koj lub khoos phis tawj ntawm tib lub nrawm li koj lub teeb.

• Transistors yog binary, xws li 1s lossis 0s. Memristors, lub sijhawm no, tuaj yeem muaj ntau lub xeev ntawm cov kev kub ntxhov, xws li 0.25, 0.5, 0.747, thiab lwm yam. Qhov no ua rau memristors ua haujlwm zoo ib yam li cov synapses hauv peb lub hlwb, thiab qhov ntawd yog qhov loj heev vim nws tuaj yeem qhib ntau yam kev suav yav tom ntej. muaj peev xwm.

• Tom ntej no, memristors tsis xav tau silicon ua haujlwm, qhib txoj hauv kev rau kev lag luam semiconductor los sim siv cov ntaub ntawv tshiab los ntxiv cov microchips (raws li tau hais dhau los).

• Thaum kawg, zoo ib yam li cov kev tshawb pom los ntawm IBM thiab DARPA rau hauv kev suav neuromorphic, microchips raws li memristors tau nrawm dua, siv zog tsawg, thiab tuaj yeem tuav cov ntaub ntawv ceev dua li cov chips tam sim no hauv khw.

3D chips. Tsoos microchips thiab cov transistors uas ua rau lawv ua haujlwm ntawm lub dav hlau, ob sab, tab sis thaum xyoo 2010s, cov tuam txhab semiconductor pib sim nrog ntxiv qhov thib peb rau lawv cov chips. Hu ua 'finFET', cov transistors tshiab no muaj cov channel uas nyob ntawm lub nti ntawm qhov chaw, muab lawv tswj tau zoo dua qhov tshwm sim hauv lawv cov channel, tso cai rau lawv khiav ze li 40 feem pua ​​​​ntau dua, thiab ua haujlwm siv ib nrab ntawm lub zog. Qhov tsis zoo, txawm li cas los xij, yog tias cov chips no nyuaj heev (nqi) los tsim tam sim no.

Tab sis dhau ntawm kev kho dua tshiab ntawm tus kheej transistors, yav tom ntej 3D chips kuj tseem tsom mus muab kev suav thiab cov ntaub ntawv khaws cia hauv cov txheej txheem vertically stacked. Tam sim no, cov khoos phis tawj ib txwm nyob hauv lawv lub cim xeeb sticks centimeters los ntawm nws cov processor. Tab sis los ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm lub cim xeeb thiab cov khoom ua tiav, qhov kev ncua deb no poob ntawm centimeters mus rau micrometers, ua rau muaj kev txhim kho loj heev hauv kev ua haujlwm nrawm thiab kev siv zog.

Quantum xam. Saib ntxiv mus rau yav tom ntej, ib qho loj ntawm kev lag luam qib kev lag luam tuaj yeem ua haujlwm raws li txoj cai freaky ntawm quantum physics. Txawm li cas los xij, vim qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev suav zoo li no, peb tau muab nws tus kheej tshooj ntawm qhov kawg ntawm cov koob no.

Super microchips tsis yog kev lag luam zoo

Okay, yog li qhov koj tau nyeem saum toj no yog txhua yam zoo thiab zoo - peb tab tom tham txog lub zog siv hluav taws xob microchips ua qauv tom qab tib neeg lub hlwb uas tuaj yeem khiav ntawm lub teeb nrawm - tab sis qhov khoom yog, kev lag luam semiconductor chip-ua lag luam tsis yog. mob siab dhau los hloov cov ntsiab lus no mus rau hauv qhov tseeb tsim tawm ntau.

Cov tuam txhab thev naus laus zis, xws li Intel, Samsung, thiab AMD, twb tau nqis peev ntau txhiab daus las rau ntau xyoo los tsim cov khoom siv, silicon-based microchips. Hloov mus rau ib qho ntawm cov ntsiab lus tshiab tau sau tseg saum toj no yuav txhais tau tias tshem tawm cov kev nqis peev thiab siv nyiaj ntau lab nyiaj ntxiv rau kev tsim cov chaw tsim khoom tshiab los tsim cov qauv microchip tshiab uas muaj cov ntaub ntawv muag khoom ntawm xoom.

Nws tsis yog lub sijhawm thiab nyiaj txiag peev uas tuav cov tuam txhab semiconductor rov qab. Cov neeg siv khoom thov kom muaj zog dua microchips tseem nyob ntawm qhov tsis txaus ntseeg. Xav txog nws: Thaum lub sij hawm 90s thiab feem ntau ntawm 00s, nws yuav luag ib qho uas koj yuav pauv hauv koj lub computer lossis xov tooj, yog tias tsis yog txhua xyoo, ces txhua xyoo. Qhov no yuav cia koj khaws tag nrho cov software tshiab thiab cov ntawv thov uas tau tawm los ua kom koj lub tsev thiab ua haujlwm lub neej yooj yim dua thiab zoo dua. Niaj hnub no, ntau npaum li cas koj hloov mus rau qhov tseeb desktop lossis laptop qauv ntawm kev ua lag luam?

Thaum koj xav txog koj lub xov tooj smartphone, koj muaj nyob rau hauv koj lub hnab tshos dab tsi yuav tau suav hais tias yog supercomputer tsuas yog 20 xyoo dhau los. Ib cag los ntawm kev tsis txaus siab txog roj teeb lub neej thiab kev nco, feem ntau cov xov tooj yuav txij li xyoo 2016 muaj peev xwm ua tau zoo ntawm kev khiav ib qho app lossis mobile game, ntawm streaming tej suab paj nruag video lossis kev sib tham tsis zoo nrog koj SO, lossis feem ntau lwm yam uas koj xav ua ntawm koj. xov tooj. Koj puas xav tau siv $ 1,000 lossis ntau dua txhua xyoo los ua cov no 10-15 feem pua ​​​​zoo dua? Koj puas tseem pom qhov txawv?

Rau cov neeg feem coob, cov lus teb tsis yog.

Lub neej yav tom ntej ntawm Moore Txoj Cai

Yav dhau los, feem ntau cov peev nyiaj rau hauv semiconductor tech yog los ntawm kev siv tub rog tiv thaiv. Tom qab ntawd nws tau hloov pauv los ntawm cov neeg siv khoom siv hluav taws xob, thiab los ntawm 2020-2023, kev nqis peev rau kev txhim kho microchip ntxiv yuav hloov dua, lub sijhawm no los ntawm kev lag luam tshwj xeeb hauv qab no:

• Next-Gen cov ntsiab lus. Kev nthuav qhia tom ntej ntawm holographic, virtual thiab augmented kev muaj tiag cov cuab yeej rau cov pej xeem sawv daws yuav ua rau muaj kev xav tau ntau dua rau cov ntaub ntawv streaming, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog vim cov thev naus laus zis no paub tab thiab loj hlob hauv cov koob npe thaum xyoo 2020s.

• Huab xam. Piav qhia nyob rau hauv lub tom ntej no series.

• Autonomous tsheb. Piav kom meej hauv peb Yav tom ntej ntawm Kev Thauj Mus Los series.

• Tej yam hauv Is Taws Nem. Piav nyob rau hauv peb Internet ntawm tej yam uas tshooj hauv peb Yav tom ntej ntawm Internet series.

• Cov ntaub ntawv loj thiab analytics. Cov koom haum uas xav tau cov ntaub ntawv tsis tu ncua-xav tias cov tub rog, kev tshawb nrhiav chaw, huab cua forecasters, kws tshuaj, logistics, thiab lwm yam.-yuav mus txuas ntxiv thov cov khoos phis tawj muaj zog los txheeb xyuas lawv cov ntaub ntawv uas tau nthuav dav zuj zus.

Cov nyiaj pab rau R&D mus rau tiam tom ntej microchips yuav yeej ib txwm muaj, tab sis cov lus nug yog seb cov nyiaj txiag xav tau rau cov ntaub ntawv nyuaj ntawm microprocessors tuaj yeem ua raws li qhov xav tau ntawm Moore Txoj Cai. Muab tus nqi ntawm kev hloov mus rau thiab kev lag luam cov ntaub ntawv tshiab ntawm microchips, ua ke nrog kev xav tau ntawm cov neeg siv khoom qeeb, yav tom ntej tsoomfwv cov peev nyiaj crunches thiab kev lag luam kev lag luam, yuav muaj feem cuam tshuam tias Moore Txoj Cai yuav qeeb lossis nres luv luv thaum ntxov-2020s, ua ntej yuav rov qab los ntawm lig Xyoo 2020, thaum ntxov 2030s.

Raws li yog vim li cas Moore Txoj Cai yuav tuaj yeem nce nrawm dua, zoo, cia peb hais tias turbo-powered microchips tsis yog tib lub kiv puag ncig los ntawm cov kav dej hauv computer. Tom ntej no nyob rau hauv peb lub neej yav tom ntej ntawm Computers series, peb yuav tshawb nrhiav cov tiam sis txhawb kev loj hlob ntawm huab xam.

Yav tom ntej ntawm Computers series

Cov neeg siv cuam tshuam los hloov kho tib neeg: Yav tom ntej ntawm khoos phis tawj P1

Yav tom ntej ntawm kev txhim kho software: Yav tom ntej ntawm computers P2

Kev hloov pauv digital cia: Yav Tom Ntej ntawm Computers P3

Kev suav huab tau dhau los ua kev ncaj ncees: Yav Tom Ntej ntawm Computers P5

Vim li cas cov teb chaws sib tw los tsim cov supercomputers loj tshaj? Yav tom ntej ntawm Computers P6

Yuav ua li cas Quantum computers yuav hloov lub ntiaj teb no: Yav Tom Ntej ntawm Computers P7