Ma biocomputer oyendetsedwa ndi ma cell aubongo amunthu: sitepe yopita ku luntha la organoid

• Author:
• Dzina la wolemba

  Quantumrun Foresight
• September 27, 2023

Chidule cha chidziwitso

Ofufuza akupanga ma biocomputers pogwiritsa ntchito ma organoids aubongo, omwe ali ndi ntchito yofunika kwambiri muubongo komanso mawonekedwe ake. Ma biocomputer awa ali ndi kuthekera kosintha mankhwala opangidwa ndi makonda, kuyendetsa kukula kwachuma m'mafakitale aukadaulo waukadaulo, ndikupanga kufunikira kwa anthu aluso. Komabe, nkhawa zamakhalidwe, malamulo ndi malamulo atsopano, komanso kuwonjezereka kwa kusiyana kwa chisamaliro chaumoyo kuyenera kuthetsedwa pomwe ukadaulo uwu ukupita patsogolo.

Ma biocomputer oyendetsedwa ndi ma cell a ubongo wamunthu

Ofufuza ochokera m'magawo osiyanasiyana akuthandizana kupanga ma biocomputer owopsa omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zikhalidwe zama cell zaubongo zitatu, zomwe zimadziwika kuti ubongo organoids, monga maziko achilengedwe. Dongosolo lawo lokwaniritsa cholinga ichi lafotokozedwa m'nkhani ya 2023 yofalitsidwa m'magazini yasayansi Malire mu Sayansi. Brain organoids ndi chikhalidwe cha ma cell chokulirapo mu labotale. Ngakhale si mitundu yaying'ono yaubongo, ali ndi mbali zofunika kwambiri zaubongo ndi kapangidwe kake, monga ma neurons ndi ma cell ena aubongo omwe amafunikira luso la kuzindikira monga kuphunzira ndi kukumbukira. 

Malinga ndi mmodzi wa olembawo, Pulofesa Thomas Hartung wa ku yunivesite ya Johns Hopkins, pamene makompyuta opangidwa ndi silicon amapambana powerengera manambala, ubongo ndi ophunzira apamwamba. Anapereka chitsanzo cha AlphaGo, AI yomwe inagonjetsa Go player padziko lonse lapansi mu 2017. AlphaGo inaphunzitsidwa pa data kuchokera ku masewera a 160,000, zomwe zingatenge munthu kusewera maola asanu tsiku lililonse pazaka 175 kuti adziwe. 

Sikuti ubongo umaphunzira bwino, komanso umakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri. Mwachitsanzo, mphamvu zomwe zimafunikira pophunzitsa AlphaGo zitha kuthandiza munthu wamkulu wachangu kwa zaka khumi. Malinga ndi Hartung, ubongo umakhalanso ndi luso lodabwitsa losunga zidziwitso, zomwe zikuyerekezedwa pa 2,500 terabytes. Ngakhale makompyuta a silicon akufika malire awo, ubongo wa munthu uli ndi ma neuroni pafupifupi 100 biliyoni olumikizidwa kudzera pa 10 ^ 15 malo olumikizirana, kusiyana kwakukulu kwa mphamvu poyerekeza ndi ukadaulo womwe ulipo.

Zosokoneza

Kuthekera kwa nzeru za organoid (OI) kumapitilira kuphatikizira kukhala mankhwala. Chifukwa cha upainiya wopangidwa ndi Nobel Laureates John Gurdon ndi Shinya Yamanaka, ma organoids a ubongo amatha kupangidwa kuchokera kumagulu akuluakulu. Izi zimathandiza ofufuza kuti apange ma organoid amunthu payekha pogwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo zapakhungu kuchokera kwa odwala omwe ali ndi vuto la minyewa ngati Alzheimer's. Kenako amatha kuyesa mayeso osiyanasiyana kuti awone zotsatira za majini, mankhwala, ndi poizoni pamikhalidwe imeneyi.

Hartung anafotokoza kuti OI angagwiritsidwenso ntchito pophunzira za chidziwitso cha matenda a mitsempha. Mwachitsanzo, ofufuza amatha kufananiza mapangidwe amakumbukidwe mu organoids otengedwa kuchokera kwa anthu athanzi komanso omwe ali ndi Alzheimer's, kuyesera kuthetsa zoperewerazo. Kuphatikiza apo, OI ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kufufuza ngati zinthu zina, monga mankhwala ophera tizilombo, zimathandizira kukumbukira kapena kuphunzira.

Komabe, kupanga ma organoid muubongo wamunthu kuti athe kuphunzira, kukumbukira, ndi kuyanjana ndi malo omwe amakhala kumabweretsa zovuta zamakhalidwe abwino. Mafunso amawuka, monga ngati ma organoid awa atha kuzindikira - ngakhale mumkhalidwe wofunikira - kumva kuwawa kapena kuzunzika komanso ufulu womwe anthu ayenera kukhala nawo okhudzana ndi ma organoid aubongo opangidwa kuchokera ku maselo awo. Ofufuzawo akudziwa bwino za mavutowa. Hartung anatsindika kuti mbali yofunika kwambiri ya masomphenya awo ndikukulitsa OI mwamakhalidwe komanso ndi udindo wa anthu. Kuti athetse izi, ochita kafukufuku agwirizana ndi akatswiri a zamakhalidwe kuyambira pachiyambi kuti agwiritse ntchito njira ya "makhalidwe ophatikizidwa". 

Zotsatira za biocomputer zoyendetsedwa ndi ma cell aubongo amunthu

Zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi ma biocomputer oyendetsedwa ndi ma cell aubongo wamunthu zingaphatikizepo: 

• Luntha la Organoid lomwe limatsogolera kumankhwala amunthu payekha kwa anthu omwe akuvutika ndi kuvulala muubongo kapena matenda, kulola chithandizo chothandiza kwambiri. Kukula kumeneku kungapangitse okalamba kukhala ndi moyo wodziyimira pawokha wokhala ndi matenda ocheperako komanso moyo wabwino.
• Mwayi watsopano wa mgwirizano pakati pa mafakitale ndi mafakitale asayansi ndi mankhwala, zomwe zitha kubweretsa kukula kwachuma ndi kupanga ntchito m'magawo awa.
• Kupita patsogolo kwa machitidwe azaumoyo m'dziko. Maboma angafunike kuyika ndalama muukadaulowu kuti apitilize kupikisana ndikuwongolera zotulukapo zaumoyo wa anthu, zomwe zitha kuyambitsa mikangano yokhudzana ndi kugawa ndalama ndi kuika patsogolo.
• Kupanga zatsopano pazinthu zina, monga luntha lochita kupanga, robotics, ndi bioinformatics, monga ofufuza akufuna kuphatikiza biocomputation kuti awonjezere kapena kukulitsa magwiridwe antchito aukadaulo omwe alipo. 
• Kuchulukitsa kwa anthu ogwira ntchito zaluso mu biotechnology ndi magawo ena okhudzana nawo. Kusintha uku kungafune maphunziro atsopano ndi maphunziro obwereza.
• Nkhawa zokhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ma cell a anthu ndi minofu mkati mwamagetsi, komanso kuthekera kogwiritsa ntchito matekinolojewa pazinthu zina osati zaumoyo, monga zida zankhondo kapena zodzikongoletsera.
• Malamulo atsopano ndi malamulo omwe akufunika kuti aziyang'anira kagwiritsidwe ntchito, kakulidwe, ndi kagwiritsidwe ntchito kaukadaulo, kulinganiza zatsopano ndi malingaliro abwino komanso chitetezo cha anthu.
• Luntha la Organoid likukulitsa kusagwirizana komwe kulipo pakupeza chithandizo chamankhwala ndi zotsatira zake, popeza mayiko olemera ndi anthu omwe ali ndi mwayi wopindula ndiukadaulo. Kuthana ndi nkhaniyi kungafunike mgwirizano wapadziko lonse ndi kugawana zinthu kuti zitsimikizire kugawa kofanana kwa phindu laukadaulo uwu.

Mafunso oyenera kuwaganizira

• Ndi zovuta zina ziti zomwe zingakhalepo pakukulitsa nzeru za organoid?
• Kodi ofufuza angawonetse bwanji kuti makina osakanizidwa a bio-machine apangidwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito moyenera?