Makina amanjenje opangira: Kodi maloboti amatha kumva?

• Author:
• Dzina la wolemba

  Quantumrun Foresight
• November 24, 2023

Chidule cha chidziwitso

Mitsempha yochita kupanga, yomwe imakoka kudzoza kuchokera ku biology yaumunthu, ikusintha kuyanjana pakati pa maloboti ndi dziko lakumva. Kuyambira ndi kafukufuku wa seminal 2018 pomwe minyewa yozungulira imatha kuzindikira zilembo za Braille, mpaka ku University of Singapore yopanga khungu lochita kupanga loposa mayankho amunthu mu 2019, machitidwewa akupita patsogolo mwachangu. Kafukufuku waku South Korea mu 2021 adawonetsanso njira yoyankha mopepuka yomwe imayendetsa kayendedwe ka robotic. Ukadaulo uwu umalonjeza mphamvu zokulirapo, maloboti onga anthu, kukonzanso bwino kwa vuto la minyewa, kuphunzitsidwa bwino kwa robotic, komanso kukulitsa malingaliro amunthu, zomwe zitha kusintha magawo azachipatala, ankhondo, ndi malo ofufuza.

Zochita zamanjenje zamkati

Imodzi mwa maphunziro oyambirira mu machitidwe a mitsempha yochita kupanga inali mu 2018, pamene ofufuza ochokera ku yunivesite ya Stanford ndi Seoul National University adatha kupanga dongosolo la mitsempha lomwe limatha kuzindikira zilembo za Braille. Izi zidatheka chifukwa cha minyewa yozungulira yomwe imatha kuyikidwa pakhungu ngati chophimba pazida zopangira ma prosthetic ndi ma robotiki ofewa. Derali linali ndi zigawo zitatu, choyamba chinali cholumikizira chomwe chimatha kuzindikira zing'onozing'ono zokakamiza. Chigawo chachiwiri chinali neuron yosinthika yamagetsi yomwe inalandira zizindikiro kuchokera ku sensa yogwira. Kuphatikizika kwa gawo loyamba ndi lachiwiri kunayambitsa kuyambitsa kwa transistor ya synaptic transistor yomwe imatsanzira ma synapses amunthu (zizindikiro za mitsempha pakati pa ma neurons awiri omwe amatumiza chidziwitso). Ofufuzawo anayesa minyewa yawo poyikokera pa mwendo wa mphemvu ndikugwiritsa ntchito milingo yosiyanasiyana yamagetsi ku sensa. Mwendo unagwedezeka malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa kukakamiza komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Chimodzi mwa ubwino waukulu wa machitidwe a mitsempha yochita kupanga ndi chakuti amatha kutsanzira momwe anthu amachitira ndi zokopa zakunja. Kutha uku ndi chinthu chomwe makompyuta achikhalidwe sangachite. Mwachitsanzo, makompyuta achikhalidwe sangathe kuchitapo kanthu mwachangu posintha malo - chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pantchito monga kuwongolera miyendo ndi ma robotiki. Koma manjenje ochita kupanga amatha kuchita izi pogwiritsa ntchito njira yotchedwa "spiking." Spiking ndi njira yotumizira uthenga kutengera momwe ma neuron enieni amalankhulirana muubongo. Zimalola kutumiza deta mwachangu kwambiri kuposa njira zachikhalidwe monga ma sigino a digito. Ubwinowu umapangitsa kuti machitidwe amanjenje ochita kupanga kuti azigwira bwino ntchito zomwe zimafuna kuchitapo kanthu mwachangu, monga kusintha kwa robotic. Atha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito pantchito zomwe zimafuna kuphunzira zambiri, monga kuzindikira nkhope kapena kuyenda m'malo ovuta.

Zosokoneza

Mu 2019, University of Singapore idakwanitsa kupanga imodzi mwazinthu zapamwamba kwambiri zamanjenje, zomwe zimatha kupatsa maloboti kukhudza komwe kuli bwino kuposa khungu la munthu. Chipangizochi chimatchedwa Asynchronous Coded Electronic Skin (ACES), chida ichi chinapanga ma pixel a sensa omwewo kuti atumize "zidziwitso zakumvera" mwachangu. Zitsanzo zapakhungu zopangira zam'mbuyomu zidakonza ma pixel awa motsatizana, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti pakhale nthawi yayitali. Malinga ndi zoyeserera zomwe gululi likuchita, ACES ndiyabwinoko kuposa khungu la munthu zikafika pamayankho a tactile. Chipangizocho chimatha kuzindikira kupanikizika kopitilira 1,000 mwachangu kuposa dongosolo lamanjenje lamunthu.

Pakadali pano, mu 2021, ofufuza ochokera ku mayunivesite atatu aku South Korea adapanga dongosolo lamanjenje lochita kupanga lomwe limatha kuyankha kuwala ndikuchita ntchito zofunika. Kafukufukuyu anali ndi photodiode yomwe imasintha kuwala kukhala chizindikiro chamagetsi, dzanja la robotic, dera la neuron, ndi transistor yomwe imagwira ntchito ngati synapse. Nthawi zonse nyali ikayatsidwa, Photodiode imamasulira kukhala ma siginali, omwe amayenda kudzera mu transistor yama makina. Zizindikirozi zimakonzedwanso ndi dera la neuron, lomwe limalamula dzanja la robotiki kuti ligwire mpira womwe umakonzedwa kuti ugwe pamene kuwala kwayatsa. Akatswiri ofufuza akuyembekeza kupanga lusoli kuti dzanja la robotiki lizitha kugwira mpirawo ukangotsika. Cholinga chachikulu cha phunziroli ndi kuphunzitsa anthu omwe ali ndi matenda a ubongo kuti athe kulamuliranso ziwalo zawo zomwe sangathe kuzilamulira mofulumira monga momwe ankachitira. 

Zotsatira za machitidwe amanjenje ochita kupanga

Zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi machitidwe amanjenje opangira zingaphatikizepo: 

• Kulengedwa kwa maloboti a humanoid okhala ndi khungu lofanana ndi la munthu lomwe lingayankhe zolimbikitsa mwachangu ngati anthu.
• Odwala sitiroko ndi anthu omwe ali ndi matenda opuwala amatha kuzindikiranso kukhudza kwawo kudzera mumayendedwe amanjenje omwe ali m'mitsempha yawo.
• Maphunziro a robotic amakhala osavuta kumva, omwe ogwira ntchito akutali amatha kumva zomwe maloboti akukhudza. Izi zitha kukhala zothandiza pakufufuza zakuthambo.
• Kupita patsogolo kwa kuzindikira kokhudza komwe makina amatha kuzindikira zinthu poziwona ndi kuzigwira nthawi imodzi.
• Anthu omwe ali ndi machitidwe owonjezera kapena owonjezera amanjenje omwe ali ndi ma reflexes ofulumira. Kukula kumeneku kungakhale kopindulitsa kwa othamanga ndi asilikali.

Mafunso oti muyankhepo

• Kodi mungakonde kukhala ndi dongosolo lamanjenje lokhazikika?
• Ndi maubwino ena ati omwe ma robot angamve?