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Momwe makompyuta a Quantum angasinthire dziko: Tsogolo la Makompyuta P7

David Tal, Wofalitsa, Futurist
@DavidTalWrites
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Lolemba, 09/14/2020 - 05:14

Pali hype zambiri zomwe zikuyandama pamakampani ambiri apakompyuta, hype yokhazikika paukadaulo umodzi womwe ungathe kusintha chilichonse: makompyuta a quantum. Pokhala dzina la kampani yathu, tivomereza kuti tili ndi tsankho pazaukadaulo uwu, ndipo m'kati mwa mutu womaliza wa mndandanda wathu wa Tsogolo la Makompyuta, tikuyembekeza kugawana nanu chifukwa chake zili choncho.

Pamlingo woyambira, kompyuta ya quantum imapereka mwayi wosinthira chidziwitso m'njira yosiyana kwambiri. M'malo mwake, lusoli likadzakhwima, makompyutawa samangothetsa mavuto a masamu mofulumira kuposa makompyuta omwe alipo panopa, komanso makompyuta omwe anenedweratu kuti adzakhalapo pazaka makumi angapo zikubwerazi (pongoganiza kuti lamulo la Moore ndi loona). M'malo mwake, ndizofanana ndi zokambirana zathu makompyuta apamwamba m'mutu wathu wotsiriza, makompyuta ochuluka amtsogolo adzathandiza anthu kuyankha mafunso okulirapo omwe angatithandize kumvetsetsa mozama za dziko lotizungulira.

Kodi makompyuta a quantum ndi chiyani?

Hype pambali, kodi makompyuta a quantum amasiyana bwanji ndi makompyuta wamba? Ndipo zimagwira ntchito bwanji?

Kwa ophunzira owonera, timalimbikitsa kuwonera kanema wachidule wosangalatsa wa Kurzgesagt pamutuwu:

Pakadali pano, kwa owerenga athu, tiyesetsa kufotokozera makompyuta a quantum popanda kufunikira kwa digiri ya physics.

Poyamba, tiyenera kukumbukira kuti gawo lofunikira lachidziwitso cha makompyuta ndi pang'ono. Ma bitswa amatha kukhala ndi chimodzi mwazinthu ziwiri: 1 kapena 0, on kapena off, inde kapena ayi. Ngati muphatikiza ma bits awa palimodzi, mutha kuyimilira manambala amtundu uliwonse ndikuwerengera mitundu yonse, motsatana. Chip chokulirapo kapena champhamvu kwambiri pakompyuta, ndipamene mungapangire manambala ndikugwiritsa ntchito mawerengedwe, ndipo mumatha kusuntha mwachangu kuchoka ku chiŵerengero chimodzi kupita ku china.

Makompyuta a Quantum ndi osiyana m'njira ziwiri zofunika.

Choyamba, ndi ubwino wa "kuposa". Ngakhale makompyuta achikhalidwe amagwira ntchito ndi ma bits, makompyuta a quantum amagwira ntchito ndi qubits. Ma superposition effect qubits amathandiza ndikuti m'malo mokakamizidwa ku chimodzi mwazinthu ziwiri zomwe zingatheke (1 kapena 0), qubit ikhoza kukhalapo ngati chisakanizo cha zonsezi. Izi zimalola makompyuta a quantum kuti azigwira ntchito bwino (mwachangu) kuposa makompyuta achikhalidwe.

Chachiwiri, ndi ubwino wa "kutsekereza". Chodabwitsa ichi ndi chikhalidwe chapadera cha quantum physics chomwe chimamangiriza tsogolo la kuchuluka kwa tinthu tating'ono tosiyanasiyana, kuti zomwe zimachitika kwa wina zikhudze ena. Akagwiritsidwa ntchito pamakompyuta a quantum, izi zikutanthauza kuti akhoza kusintha ma qubits awo nthawi imodzi-mwa kuyankhula kwina, m'malo mochita mawerengedwe angapo, makompyuta a quantum akhoza kuchita zonse panthawi imodzi.

Mpikisano womanga kompyuta yoyamba ya quantum

Mutuwu uli ndi dzina lolakwika. Makampani otsogola monga Microsoft, IBM ndi Google adapanga kale makompyuta oyesa oyesa, koma ma prototypes oyambilirawa amakhala ndi ma qubits ochepera khumi ndi awiri pa chip. Ndipo ngakhale kuyesayesa koyambirira kumeneku ndi gawo loyamba, makampani aukadaulo ndi madipatimenti ofufuza aboma afunika kupanga makompyuta ochulukirapo okhala ndi ma qubits osachepera 49 mpaka 50 kuti hype ikwaniritse kuthekera kwake kwadziko lenileni.

Kuti izi zitheke, pali njira zingapo zomwe zikuyesedwa kuti zikwaniritse 50 qubit yofunikayi, koma ziwiri zimayima pamwamba pa onse omwe akubwera.

Mumsasa umodzi, Google ndi IBM akufuna kupanga makompyuta a quantum poyimira ma qubits monga mafunde akuyenda kudzera mu mawaya akuluakulu omwe amazizira mpaka -273.15 digiri Celsius, kapena ziro. Kukhalapo kapena kusapezeka kwaposachedwa kumayimira 1 kapena 0. Ubwino wa njirayi ndikuti mawaya apamwamba kwambiri kapena mabwalo amatha kumangidwa kuchokera ku silicon, makampani opanga zinthu zodziwikiratu ali ndi zaka zambiri akugwira nawo ntchito.

Njira yachiwiri, motsogozedwa ndi Microsoft, imaphatikizapo ma ion otsekeka omwe amasungidwa m'chipinda cha vacuum ndikuyendetsedwa ndi ma laser. Ma oscillating charges amagwira ntchito ngati ma qubits, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza ntchito zamakompyuta a quantum.

Momwe tidzagwiritsire ntchito makompyuta a quantum

Chabwino, poyika chiphunzitsocho pambali, tiyeni tiyang'ane pa ntchito zenizeni zapadziko lonse lapansi zomwe makompyuta a quantum adzakhala nawo padziko lapansi ndi momwe makampani ndi anthu amachitira nawo.

Mavuto a mayendedwe ndi kukhathamiritsa. Zina mwazogwiritsa ntchito mwachangu komanso zopindulitsa pamakompyuta a quantum ndi kukhathamiritsa. Pamapulogalamu ogawana kukwera, monga Uber, ndi njira iti yachangu kwambiri yonyamulira ndikutsitsa makasitomala ambiri momwe mungathere? Kwa zimphona za e-commerce, monga Amazon, ndi njira iti yotsika mtengo kwambiri yoperekera mabiliyoni a phukusi panthawi yatchuthi yogula mphatso?

Mafunso osavuta ameneŵa amakhudza kuchulukirachulukira kwa mitundu mazana kapena masauzande a zinthu nthawi imodzi, chinthu chimene makompyuta apamwamba amakono sangathe kuchichita; kotero m'malo mwake, amawerengera pang'ono zamitunduyo kuti athandize makampaniwa kusamalira zosowa zawo m'njira yocheperako. Koma ndi kompyuta ya quantum, imadutsa paphiri lamitundu yosiyanasiyana popanda kutulutsa thukuta.

Nyengo ndi nyengo kutsanzira. Mofanana ndi mfundo yomwe ili pamwambayi, chifukwa chomwe mayendedwe a nyengo amalakwitsa nthawi zina ndi chifukwa chakuti pali zinthu zambiri za chilengedwe zomwe makompyuta awo akuluakulu amatha kukonza (zimenezi komanso nthawi zina zosawerengeka za nyengo). Koma ndi makompyuta a quantum, asayansi a nyengo sangathe kufotokozera momwe nyengo idzakhalire bwino, komanso amatha kupanga ndondomeko yolondola ya nyengo yaitali kuti iwonetsere zotsatira za kusintha kwa nyengo.

Mankhwala apangidwe. Kulemba DNA yanu ndi microbiome yanu yapadera ndikofunikira kuti madotolo amtsogolo akupatseni mankhwala omwe amagwirizana bwino ndi thupi lanu. Ngakhale makompyuta apamwamba achitapo kanthu polemba DNA motsika mtengo, microbiome ndi yopitirira malire - koma si choncho pamakompyuta amtsogolo.

Makompyuta a Quantum nawonso amalola Big Pharma kulosera bwino momwe mamolekyu osiyanasiyana amachitira ndi mankhwala awo, potero akufulumizitsa chitukuko chamankhwala ndikutsitsa mitengo.

Kufufuza malo. Ma telesikopu amasiku ano (ndi mawa) amasonkhanitsa zambiri za zithunzi zakuthambo tsiku lililonse zomwe zimatsata mayendedwe a milalang'amba, nyenyezi, mapulaneti, ndi ma asteroids. Chomvetsa chisoni n'chakuti, iyi ndi data yochuluka kwambiri kuti makompyuta apamwamba masiku ano afufuze kuti apeze zopindulitsa nthawi zonse. Koma ndi makompyuta okhwima opangidwa ndi makina ophunzirira makina, deta yonseyi imatha kukonzedwa bwino, ndikutsegula chitseko chakupeza mapulaneti mazana mpaka masauzande atsopano tsiku ndi tsiku kumayambiriro kwa 2030s.

Sayansi yoyambira. Mofanana ndi mfundo zomwe zili pamwambazi, mphamvu ya kompyuta yaiwisi yomwe makompyutawa amathandizira idzalola asayansi ndi mainjiniya kupanga mankhwala ndi zida zatsopano, komanso injini zogwira ntchito bwino komanso zoseweretsa za Khrisimasi.

Kuphunzira makina. Pogwiritsa ntchito makompyuta achikhalidwe, ma aligorivimu ophunzirira makina amafunikira zitsanzo zambiri zosungidwa ndi zolembedwa (zazikulu) kuti aphunzire maluso atsopano. Ndi quantum computing, mapulogalamu ophunzirira makina angayambe kuphunzira zambiri monga anthu, momwe angathere luso latsopano pogwiritsa ntchito deta yochepa, data ya messier, nthawi zambiri ndi malangizo ochepa.

Ntchitoyi ndi nkhani yosangalatsanso pakati pa ofufuza a Artificial Intelligence (AI), chifukwa luso lophunzirira bwino lachilengedweli limatha kupititsa patsogolo kafukufuku wa AI pazaka zambiri. Zambiri pa izi mndandanda wathu wa Future of Artificial Intelligence.

Kubisa. Zachisoni, iyi ndi ntchito yomwe ofufuza ambiri ndi mabungwe azidziwitso amanjenjemera. Ntchito zonse zamakono zolembera zimadalira kupanga mawu achinsinsi omwe angatenge kompyuta yamakono yamakono zaka masauzande kuti iwonongeke; makompyuta a quantum amatha kung'amba makiyi obisawa mkati mwa ola limodzi.

Banking, kulankhulana, ntchito chitetezo dziko, intaneti palokha zimadalira kubisa odalirika ntchito. (O, ndi kuiwala za bitcoin komanso, kupatsidwa kudalira kwake kwakukulu pa kubisa.) Ngati makompyuta awa a quantum amagwira ntchito monga momwe amalengezedwera, mafakitale onsewa adzakhala pachiwopsezo, kuyika pachiwopsezo chuma chonse cha dziko lapansi mpaka titamanga kubisa kwa quantum kuti tisunge. mayendedwe.

Kumasulira kwachilankhulo nthawi yeniyeni. Kuti titsirize mutuwu ndi mndandandawu mosadetsa nkhawa, makompyuta amtundu wa quantum athandiziranso kumasulira kwachilankhulo chanthawi yeniyeni pakati pa zilankhulo ziwiri zilizonse, kaya pa macheza a Skype kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mawu omveka kapena oyika m'makutu mwanu. .

M'zaka 20, chinenero sichidzakhalanso cholepheretsa bizinesi ndi zochitika za tsiku ndi tsiku. Mwachitsanzo, munthu amene amangolankhula Chingerezi akhoza molimba mtima kulowa mu ubale wamalonda ndi zibwenzi ku mayiko akunja kumene zopangidwa English akanalephera kulowa, ndipo poyendera anati mayiko akunja, munthu uyu akhoza ngakhale kugwa m'chikondi ndi winawake amene. zimangochitika kuti amalankhula Chikantoni.