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Kumvetsetsa ubongo kuchotsa matenda amisala: Tsogolo la Thanzi P5

David Tal, Wofalitsa, Futurist
@DavidTalWrites
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Lachiwiri, 09/15/2020 - 05:34

100 biliyoni neuroni. 100 thililiyoni synapses. 400 mailosi a mitsempha ya magazi. Ubongo wathu umasokoneza sayansi ndi zovuta zake. Ndipotu, iwo amakhalabe nthawi 30 zamphamvu kuposa zothamanga zathu Kompyuta yamakina.

Koma potsegula zinsinsi zawo, timatsegula dziko lopanda kuvulala kwaubongo kosatha komanso kusokonezeka kwamaganizidwe. Kuposa pamenepo, tidzatha kukulitsa luntha lathu, kuchotsa zikumbukiro zowawa, kugwirizanitsa malingaliro athu ndi makompyuta, ndipo ngakhale kugwirizanitsa malingaliro athu ndi maganizo a ena.

Ndikudziwa, kuti zonse zikumveka wopenga, koma pamene inu kuwerenga, inu muyamba kumvetsa mmene ife tiri pafupi zopambana kuti mosavuta kusintha tanthauzo kukhala munthu.

Pomaliza kumvetsa ubongo

Ubongo wamba ndi gulu lalikulu la ma neuron (maselo omwe ali ndi data) ndi ma synapses (njira zomwe zimalola kuti ma neuron azilumikizana). Koma ndendende momwe ma neuroni ndi ma synapses amalankhulirana komanso momwe mbali zosiyanasiyana zaubongo zimakhudzira magawo osiyanasiyana a thupi lanu, zomwe zimakhalabe chinsinsi. Tilibe ngakhale zida zamphamvu zokwanira kuti timvetsetse chiwalo ichi. Choipa kwambiri n’chakuti, akatswiri a sayansi ya zamaganizo padziko lapansi alibe nkomwe chiphunzitso chogwirizana cha mmene ubongo umagwirira ntchito.

Izi zimachitika makamaka chifukwa cha chikhalidwe cha sayansi ya ubongo, monga momwe kafukufuku wambiri waubongo amachitikira m'mayunivesite ndi m'mabungwe asayansi padziko lonse lapansi. Komabe, kulonjeza njira zatsopano-monga US NTCHITO YA UBONGO ndi EU Human Brain Project- tsopano ali mkati kuti akhazikitse kafukufuku waubongo, limodzi ndi ndalama zochulukirapo zofufuzira komanso malangizo owunikira kwambiri.

Pamodzi, zoyesererazi zikuyembekeza kupanga zopambana zazikulu mu gawo la sayansi ya ubongo la Connectomics - kafukufuku wa zolumikizana: mamapu atsatanetsatane olumikizana mkati mwa dongosolo lamanjenje la chamoyo. (Kwenikweni, asayansi amafuna kumvetsetsa zomwe neuroni iliyonse ndi synapse mkati mwa ubongo wanu imachita.) Kuti izi zitheke, mapulojekiti omwe akukhudzidwa kwambiri ndi awa:

Optogenetics. Izi zikutanthauza njira ya sayansi ya ubongo (yokhudzana ndi ma connectomics) yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito kuwala kuwongolera ma neuroni. M'Chingerezi, izi zikutanthauza kugwiritsa ntchito zida zaposachedwa kwambiri zosinthira ma genetic zomwe zafotokozedwa m'mitu yoyambilira ya mndandanda uno kuti apange ma neuroni omwe ali mkati mwaubongo wa nyama za labotale, kuti azitha kuzindikira. Izi zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kuwunika kuti ndi ma neuron ati omwe amayaka mu ubongo nthawi iliyonse nyamazi zikuyenda kapena kuganiza. Ikagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa anthu, lusoli lidzalola asayansi kumvetsetsa bwino lomwe mbali za ubongo zomwe zimalamulira malingaliro anu, malingaliro, ndi thupi lanu.

Barcoding ubongo. Njira ina, FISSEQ barcoding, imabaya muubongo ndi kachilombo kopangidwa mwapadera kuti asindikize mopanda vuto ma barcode apadera mu minyewa yomwe ili ndi kachilomboka. Izi zidzalola asayansi kuzindikira kugwirizana ndi zochitika mpaka ku synapse, zomwe zingathe kupitirira optogenetics.

Kujambula kwa ubongo wonse. M'malo mozindikira ntchito ya ma neuron ndi ma synapses payekhapayekha, njira ina ndikulemba zonse nthawi imodzi. Ndipo chodabwitsa kwambiri, tili ndi zida zojambulira kale (mitundu yoyambirira) kuti tichite izi. Choyipa chake ndikuti kulingalira kwaubongo wamunthu kumapanga ma data opitilira 200 (pafupifupi zomwe Facebook imapanga patsiku). Ndipo zidzangokhala mpaka makompyuta a quantum lowani pamsika, chapakati pa 2020s, kuti tidzatha kukonza kuchuluka kwa deta yayikuluyi mosavuta.

Kutsata ma gene ndikusintha. Kufotokozedwa mu mutu wachitatu, ndipo m'nkhani ino, amagwiritsidwa ntchito ku ubongo.

Ponseponse, vuto lopanga mapu olumikizirana likuyerekezedwa ndi kupanga mapu a chibadwa cha munthu, lomwe lidakwaniritsidwa kale mu 2001. Ngakhale kuli kovutirapo kwambiri, zotsatira zake zomaliza za connectome (kumayambiriro kwa 2030s) zidzatsegula njira yopita ku chiphunzitso chachikulu cha chiphunzitso. ubongo womwe udzagwirizanitsa gawo la neuroscience.

Kumvetsetsa kwamtsogolo kumeneku kungayambitse ntchito zosiyanasiyana, monga ziwalo zoyendetsedwa bwino ndi malingaliro, kupita patsogolo kwa Brain-Computer Interface (BCI), kulankhulana muubongo ndi ubongo (hello, electronic telepathy), chidziwitso ndi luso lokweza mu ubongo, Kukweza malingaliro anu ngati matrix pa intaneti - ntchito! Koma m’mutu uno, tiyeni tione mmene mfundo yaikulu imeneyi ingagwiritsire ntchito pochiritsa ubongo ndi maganizo.

Chithandizo chotsimikizika cha matenda amisala

Nthawi zambiri, zovuta zonse zamaganizidwe zimachokera ku chimodzi kapena kuphatikiza zolakwika za jini, kuvulala kwakuthupi, komanso kupwetekedwa mtima. M'tsogolomu, mudzalandira chithandizo chokhazikika pamikhalidwe yaubongo iyi kutengera luso laukadaulo ndi njira zamankhwala zomwe zingakuzindikireni bwino.

Pazovuta zamaganizidwe zomwe zimayambitsidwa kwambiri ndi zovuta zama genetic - kuphatikiza matenda monga Parkinson's disease, ADHD, bipolar disorder, ndi schizophrenia - izi sizidzadziwika kale m'moyo m'tsogolomu, kuyesa kwa majini / kutsatizana kwa msika, koma tidzakhala. amatha kusintha majini ovutawa (ndi zovuta zawo) pogwiritsa ntchito njira zopangira ma jini.

Pazovuta zamaganizidwe zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi kuvulala kwakuthupi-kuphatikiza kugwedezeka ndi kuvulala koopsa muubongo (TBI) chifukwa cha ngozi zapantchito kapena kumenyedwa m'malo ankhondo-zimenezi zitha kuthandizidwa kudzera mu kuphatikiza kwa stem cell therapy kuti muyambirenso madera ovulala muubongo (ofotokozedwa mu mutu wotsiriza), komanso ma implants apadera muubongo (neuroprosthetics).

Chotsatiracho, makamaka, chikuyesedwa kale kuti chigwiritse ntchito msika wambiri pofika chaka cha 2020. Pogwiritsa ntchito njira yotchedwa deep brain stimulation (DBS), madokotala ochita opaleshoni amaika 1-millimeter woonda electrode kudera linalake la ubongo. Mofanana ndi pacemaker, implants izi zimalimbikitsa ubongo ndi kuyenda pang'ono, kosasunthika kwa magetsi kuti asokoneze malingaliro olakwika omwe amayambitsa kusokonezeka kwa maganizo. Iwo atero kale wapezeka wopambana pochiza odwala omwe ali ndi OCD kwambiri, kusowa tulo, ndi kupsinjika maganizo.

Koma zikafika pazovuta zamaganizidwe zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi kupwetekedwa mtima-kuphatikiza post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), nthawi zachisoni kwambiri kapena kudziimba mlandu, kuwonekera kwanthawi yayitali kupsinjika ndi kuzunzidwa m'malingaliro kuchokera komwe mumakhala, ndi zina - izi ndizovuta kwambiri. kuchiritsa.

Mliri wa zovuta kukumbukira

Monga palibe chiphunzitso chachikulu chaubongo, sayansi ilibenso chidziwitso chokwanira cha momwe timapangira kukumbukira. Zomwe tikudziwa ndikuti kukumbukira kumagawidwa m'mitundu itatu:

Kukumbukira kwakumbuyo: “Ndikukumbukira kuona galimotoyo ikudutsa masekondi anayi apitawo; kununkhiza kuima kwa galu wotentha masekondi atatu apitawo; ndikumva nyimbo ya rock yapamwamba ndikudutsa pafupi ndi sitolo yojambulira.

Kukumbukira kanthawi kochepa: "Pafupifupi mphindi khumi zapitazo, wothandizira kampeni adagogoda pakhomo panga ndikundiuza chifukwa chake ndiyenera kuvotera Trump kukhala Purezidenti."

Kukumbukira nthawi yayitali: "Zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri zapitazo, ndinapita paulendo wa Euro ndi anzanga awiri. Nthaŵi ina, ndimakumbukira kuti ndinali nditadya mbewa ku Amsterdam ndiyeno n’kupita ku Paris tsiku lotsatira. Nthawi yabwino kwambiri. ”

Mwa mitundu itatu ya kukumbukira izi, kukumbukira nthawi yayitali ndizovuta kwambiri; ali ndi subclasses ngati kukumbukira kosasintha ndi kukumbukira momveka bwino, yotsirizirayo ikhoza kuphwanyidwanso semantic kukumbukira, kukumbukira kwakanthawi, ndipo chofunika kwambiri, kukumbukira maganizo. Kuvuta uku ndichifukwa chake amatha kuwononga kwambiri.

Kulephera kulemba bwino ndi kukonza zikumbukiro za nthawi yayitali ndiye chifukwa chachikulu chomwe chimayambitsa zovuta zambiri zamaganizidwe. Ichi ndichifukwa chake tsogolo lakuchiritsa matenda amisala liphatikizanso kubwezeretsa zokumbukira zanthawi yayitali kapena kuthandiza odwala kuthana kapena kuthetseratu zovuta zanthawi yayitali.

Kubwezeretsa kukumbukira kuchiritsa malingaliro

Mpaka pano, pakhala pali chithandizo chochepa chamankhwala kwa odwala TBI kapena matenda amtundu wa Parkinson, pomwe zimafika pakubwezeretsa zotayika (kapena kuyimitsa) kukumbukira kwanthawi yayitali. Ku US kokha, 1.7 miliyoni amavutika ndi TBI chaka chilichonse, 270,000 mwa iwo ndi asilikali akale.

Stem cell and gene therapy akadali ndi zaka khumi (~ 2025) kuchiritsa kuvulala kwa TBI ndikuchiritsa Parkinson. Mpaka nthawi imeneyo, zoikamo muubongo zofanana ndi zomwe tazifotokoza kale zikuoneka kuti zikuthandiza masiku ano. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kale pochiza khunyu, Parkinson, ndi Alzheimer's odwala, ndi kupititsa patsogolo kwaukadaulo uwu (makamaka awo mothandizidwa ndi DARPA) atha kubwezeretsa kuthekera kwa odwala TBI kupanga zatsopano ndikubwezeretsa zokumbukira zakale pofika 2020.

Kuchepetsa kukumbukira kukumbukira

Mwinamwake munanyengedwa ndi munthu amene mumamukonda, kapena mwinamwake munayiwala mizere yanu pamwambo waukulu wolankhula pagulu; zokumbukira zoipa zili ndi chizoloŵezi choipa cha kukhalabe m'maganizo mwanu. Zikumbukiro zoterezi zingakuphunzitseni kupanga zosankha zabwino, kapena zingakupangitseni kukhala wochenjera kwambiri pochita zinthu zina.

Koma anthu akamakumbukira zowawa kwambiri, monga kupeza mtembo wophedwa wa wokondedwa kapena kupulumuka kunkhondo, zikumbukirozi zimatha kukhala zoopsa, zomwe zimatsogolera ku phobias kosatha, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, ndi kusintha koyipa kwa umunthu, monga nkhanza, kupsinjika maganizo. , ndi zina zotero. Mwachitsanzo, PTSD imatchedwa matenda a kukumbukira; zochitika zomvetsa chisoni ndi malingaliro oipa omwe amamveka ponseponse, amakhalabe pakali pano chifukwa odwala sangathe kuiwala ndikuchepetsa mphamvu zawo pakapita nthawi.

Ndicho chifukwa pamene chikhalidwe kukambirana ofotokoza mankhwala, mankhwala, ndipo ngakhale posachedwapa zochiritsira zenizeni zenizeni, kulephera kuthandiza wodwalayo kugonjetsa vuto lake lokumbukira kukumbukira, ochiritsa am'tsogolo ndi madokotala angauze kuti achotseretu chikumbukiro chopweteketsa mtima.

Inde, ndikudziwa, izi zikumveka ngati chipangizo cha Sci-Fi kuchokera mu kanema, Kutentha Kwamuyaya kwa Maganizo Opanda Pake, koma kafukufuku wofufuta kukumbukira akuyenda mofulumira kuposa momwe mukuganizira.

Njira yotsogola imathandizira kumvetsetsa kwatsopano momwe zikumbukiro zimakumbukiridwa. Mukuona, mosiyana ndi zimene nzeru wamba zingakuuzeni, kukumbukira sikuikidwa pamwala. M'malo mwake, kukumbukira kukumbukira kumasintha kukumbukira komweko. Mwachitsanzo, kukumbukira kosangalatsa kwa munthu amene timam’konda kungasinthe n’kukhala chikumbukiro chowawitsa, ngakhale chowawa ngati akumbukiridwa pamaliro awo.

Pamlingo wasayansi, ubongo wanu umalemba zokumbukira zanthawi yayitali monga gulu la ma neuron, ma synapses, ndi mankhwala. Mukalimbikitsa ubongo wanu kukumbukira kukumbukira, uyenera kukonzanso zosonkhanitsira izi m'njira inayake kuti mukumbukire kukumbukira. Koma ndi nthawi imeneyo kuphatikiza nthawi yomwe kukumbukira kwanu kumakhala pachiwopsezo chosinthidwa kapena kufufutidwa. Ndipo n’zimene asayansi atulukira mmene angachitire.

Mwachidule, mayesero oyambirira a ndondomekoyi amapita motere:

Mumapita ku chipatala kuti mukakumane ndi akatswiri apadera komanso katswiri wa labu;
Wothandizirayo amakufunsani mafunso angapo kuti mulekanitse zomwe zimayambitsa (kukumbukira) za mantha anu kapena PTSD;
Akakhala paokha, wochiritsayo amakusungani kuganiza ndi kulankhula za chikumbukirocho kuti malingaliro anu akhazikike mokangalika pa kukumbukira ndi kukhudzidwa kwake;
Pakukumbukira kwanthawi yayitali, katswiri wa labu angakuuzeni kuti mumeze piritsi kapena kubayani mankhwala oletsa kukumbukira;
Pamene kukumbukira kukupitirirabe ndipo mankhwala amakankhira mkati, malingaliro okhudzana ndi kukumbukira amayamba kuchepa ndi kutha, pamodzi ndi tsatanetsatane wa kukumbukira (malingana ndi mankhwala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito, kukumbukira sikungatheke);
Mumakhala m'chipindamo mpaka mankhwala amatha, mwachitsanzo, pamene luso lanu lachibadwa lopanga kukumbukira kwakanthawi kochepa komanso kwanthawi yayitali kukhazikika.

Ndife gulu lazokumbukira

Ngakhale kuti matupi athu angakhale gulu lalikulu la maselo, malingaliro athu ndi mndandanda waukulu wa kukumbukira. Zokumbukira zathu zimapanga maziko a umunthu wathu ndi malingaliro a dziko lapansi. Kuchotsedwa kwa chikumbukiro chimodzi—mwachifuno kapena, choipitsitsa, mwangozi—kungakhale ndi chiyambukiro chosadziŵika bwino m’maganizo mwathu ndi mmene timagwirira ntchito m’moyo wathu watsiku ndi tsiku.

(Tsopano pamene ndikuganiza, chenjezo ili likumveka mofanana kwambiri ndi zotsatira za gulugufe zomwe zatchulidwa pafupifupi nthawi iliyonse filimu yoyendayenda ya zaka makumi atatu zapitazo.)

Pazifukwa izi, ngakhale kuchepetsa kukumbukira ndi kuchotsa kumawoneka ngati njira yosangalatsa yothandizira odwala PTSD kapena ogwiriridwa kuti athetse kukhumudwa kwa m'mbuyomu, ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti chithandizo choterocho sichidzaperekedwa mopepuka.

Kumeneko muli nazo, ndi machitidwe ndi zida zomwe tafotokozazi, kutha kwa matenda osatha komanso opuwala amisala kudzawoneka m'moyo wathu. Pakati pa mankhwalawa ndi mankhwala atsopano, mankhwala olondola, komanso kutha kwa kuvulala kosatha komwe kwafotokozedwa m'mitu yoyambayo, mungaganize kuti mndandanda wathu wa Tsogolo la Zaumoyo wafotokoza zonse ... chabwino, osati kwenikweni. Kenako, tikambirana momwe zipatala za mawa zidzawoneka, komanso tsogolo la kayendetsedwe ka zaumoyo.