Ho lemoha eDNA: Sekena sa barcode ea tlhaho bakeng sa mefuta-futa ea lihloliloeng

• Author:
• Lebitso la sengoli

  Quantumrun Ponelopele
• March 12, 2024

Kakaretso ea kutloisiso

Theknoloji ea DNA ea tikoloho (eDNA) e ka thusa ho lemoha kapele mefuta e hlaselang le boiteko ba paballo. Mokhoa ona o hlahlobisisa liphatsa tsa lefutso tse siiloeng morao 'me o khona ho khetholla mefuta ea liphoofolo hantle le ho khothaletsa taolo e potlakileng. Bokhoni ba eDNA bo fetela ka nģ'ane ho liqholotso tsa hona joale tsa tikoloho, ho ntlafatsa lithuto tsa mefuta-futa ea lihloliloeng, ho tšehetsa liindasteri tse tsitsitseng, le ho tataisa ho etsa melaoana ka lintlha tse qaqileng mabapi le bophelo bo botle ba tikoloho.

Boemo ba tlhahlobo ea eDNA

Ka lebaka la ho futhumala ha lefatše le ho ikopanya ha lichaba tsa lefatše moruong ho tsamaisang mefuta e hlaselang tikolohong ea maoatleng, mekhoa ea khale ea ho beha leihlo e ntse e fokola haholo. Hangata mekhoa ena e tloaelehileng e thatafalloa ke ho lemoha mefuta ena esale pele 'me e ka senya tikoloho eo ba ikemiselitseng ho e sireletsa. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, thekenoloji ea DNA (eDNA) ea tikoloho, e tsejoang ka kutloisiso ea eona le tlhaho e sa hlaseleng, e ka tseba hantle mefuta e hlaselang ka bongata bo fokolang ba baahi, e leng se lumellang ho kenella ka nako le tšebeliso ea maano a sebetsang a tsamaiso. Theknoloji ena e etsoa ka ho bokella le ho sekaseka mefuta ea liphatsa tsa lefutso e siiloeng tikolohong ea eona.

Patlisiso ea 2023 e entsoeng ke bo-ramahlale ba Machaena e totobatsa molemo oa eDNA ho lekola mefuta-futa ea lintho tse phelang metsing, haholo-holo Asia Bochabela. Ka mohlala, Chaena e ile ea amohela leano la 4E (thuto, ts'ebetsong, boenjiniere, le tlhahlobo), ho kopanya theknoloji ea eDNA ho matlafatsa boithuto le nts'etsopele ea maano bakeng sa ho laola mefuta e mengata ea metsing. Ho feta moo, mahlale a tatellano a maemo a holimo a ka sekaseka metsoako ea DNA ho tsoa mefuteng e mengata ka nako e le 'ngoe, ea ntlafatsa liteko tsa mefuta-futa ea lihloliloeng.

Theknoloji ea eDNA e ka boela ea thusa bo-rasaense ho utloisisa tikoloho ea khale. Ka 2022, sehlopha sa lipatlisiso se tlalehile ho Tlhaho hore se sebelisitse theknoloji ena ho tatellano ea lilemo tse fetang limilione tse 2 tsa DNA ho tsoa Northern Greenland. Liphetho li sibollotse litsamaiso tsa tikoloho, tse fanang ka leseli le neng le e-so ka le bonoa nakong e fetileng le katleho e kholo ho ithuteng ka lichaba tsa khale tsa baeloji. 

Tšusumetso e senyang

Theknoloji ena e ka ntlafatsa kutloisiso ea rona ea mefuta-futa ea lihloliloeng le tikoloho, e amang boithabiso ka kotloloho, boleng ba thepa le bophelo bo botle ba sechaba. Ka mohlala, tlhokomelo e ntlafetseng ea libaka tsa metsi e ka lebisa libakeng tse sireletsehileng tsa ho sesa le mehloli ea ho noa. Mokhoa ona o boetse o matlafatsa mahlale a baahi, moo batho bao e seng litsebi ba kenyang letsoho matsapeng a tlhokomelo ea tikoloho le paballo. Ha tlhokomeliso ea tikoloho e ntse e eketseha, batho ka bomong ba ka ameha haholo mesebetsing ea paballo le bobuelli, ba susumetsoa ke data ea nako ea nnete.

Bakeng sa temo, botšoasi ba litlhapi, boeletsi ba tikoloho, le likhoebo tsa biotechnology, tlhahlobo ea eDNA e fana ka ts'ebetso e tsitsitseng le ho latela melao ea tikoloho. Likhamphani li ka beha leihlo mefuta-futa ea lihloliloeng masimong a tsona kapa tikolohong e haufi, ho lekola phello ea mesebetsi ea tsona le ho fokotsa likotsi tse amanang le tahlehelo ea mefuta-futa ea lihloliloeng. Bokhoni bona bo ka tsebahatsa maano a ts'ebeliso e tsitsitseng ea lisebelisoa, ho eketsa botumo har'a bareki le bo-ramatsete, le ho theola litšenyehelo tsa molao le ts'ebetso tse amanang le tšenyo ea tikoloho. Ho feta moo, liindasteri tse itšetlehileng ka mefuta e itseng bakeng sa lihlahisoa tse tala li ka sebelisa eDNA ho lekola bongata le bophelo bo botle ba batho bana, tse tataisang mekhoa e tsitsitseng ea kotulo.

Mebuso e ka sebelisa tlhahlobo ea eDNA ho tsebisa ho etsa melaoana, maano a paballo, le ho latela melao, ho fana ka mokhoa o matla le o arabelang taolong ea tikoloho. Theknoloji ena e boetse e thusa hore ho behoe leihlo ka nepo le ka nako e loketseng libaka tse sirelelitsoeng, mefuta ea lintho tse phelang kotsing le ho atleha ha mehato ea paballo. E ka boela ea bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho ts'ireletso ea tikoloho, ho lemoha mefuta e hlaselang pele e thehoa. Ho feta moo, ho lemoha eDNA ho ka tšehetsa litumellano tse mabapi le mefuta-futa ea lihloliloeng, ho fana ka sesebelisoa se arolelanoang bakeng sa ho beha leihlo lipakane tsa tikoloho lefatšeng ka bophara.

Liphello tsa ho fumanoa ha eDNA

Litlamorao tse pharalletseng tsa tlhahlobo ea eDNA li ka kenyelletsa: 

• Tlhokomelo ea eDNA taolong ea botšoasi ba litlhapi e lebisang mekhoeng e tsitsitseng ea ho tšoasa litlhapi le tikoloho e phetseng hantle ea maoatle.
• Likhamphani li amohela tlhahlobo ea eDNA bakeng sa taolo ea boleng indastering ea lijo, ho netefatsa lihlahisoa tse sireletsehileng le ho fokotsa mafu a bakoang ke lijo.
• Litsi tsa thuto tse kenyelletsang lithuto tsa eDNA kharikhulamong, ho nts'etsapele moloko o mocha oa bo-ramahlale o tsepamisitseng maikutlo ho paballo le mefuta-futa ea lihloliloeng.
• Melawana ea ho tiisa mekhoa ea pokello le tlhahlobo ea eDNA, ho ntlafatsa ho nepahala ha data le ho bapisa lithutong tsohle.
• Mekhatlo ea bophelo bo botle ea sechaba e sebelisang tracking ea eDNA ho beha leihlo le ho laola ho ata ha mafu a tšoaetsanoang, e leng se lebisang ho likarabo tse sebetsang haholoanyane tsa bophelo bo botle ba sechaba.
• Lisebelisoa tse nkehang tsa tlhahlobo ea eDNA tse etsang hore tlhahlobo ea tikoloho e fihlellehe ho bao e seng bo-ramahlale, pokello ea data ea demokrasi le tlhokomelo ea tikoloho.
• Mekhatlo e ikemetseng ea tikoloho e sebelisang data ea eDNA ho buella libaka tse sirelelitsoeng, e leng se lebisang ho thehoeng ha libaka tse ncha tsa paballo.
• Indasteri ea bohahlauli e amohelang eDNA e le sesebelisoa sa ho beha leihlo le ho laola phello ea bohahlauli libakeng tsa tlhaho, ho khothaletsa mekhoa e nang le boikarabelo le e tšoarellang ea bohahlauli.
• Baqapi ba litoropo ba sebelisa data ea eDNA mererong ea meaho e tala, ho ntlafatsa mefuta-futa ea lihloliloeng tsa litoropo le ho ntlafatsa boleng ba bophelo ba baahi.

Lipotso tse lokelang ho nahanoa

• Theknoloji ea eDNA e ka ama joang boiteko ba lehae ba hau ba paballo ea liphoofolo tse hlaha?
• Lintlafatso tsa eDNA li ka fetola polokeho ea lijo joang le bophelo bo botle ba sechaba sechabeng sa heno?