Izimoto ezizimele ezingaphansi kwamanzi: Ukujula okufihliwe namandla alobu buchwepheshe

• About the Author:
• Igama lomlobi

  I-Quantumrun Foresight
• June 9, 2023

Izimoto ezizimele ezingaphansi kwamanzi (AUVs) bezilokhu zithuthuka kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1980s, ezinezibonelo zakuqala ezazisetshenziselwa ucwaningo lwesayensi kanye nezicelo zezempi. Kodwa-ke, ngokuthuthuka kwezobuhlakani bokwenziwa (AI), ama-AUV manje angahlonyiswa ngamakhono aguquguqukayo, njengokwanda kokuzimela nokuzivumelanisa nezimo, okuwenza abe amathuluzi abalulekile e-oceanography kanye nokuhlola ngaphansi kwamanzi. Lezi zimoto ezithuthukisiwe zingakwazi ukuzulazula ezindaweni zasemanzini eziyinkimbinkimbi, futhi ziqoqe futhi zidlulise idatha ngokungenelela kwabantu okuncane.

Izimoto ezizimele zangaphansi kwamanzi umongo

Ama-AUV, aziwa nangokuthi izimoto ezingaphansi kwamanzi ezingenamuntu (UUVs), aya ngokuya eba amathuluzi abalulekile ezinhlelweni eziningi. Lezi zimoto zingasebenza ezindaweni ezinzima neziyingozi, njengangaphansi kwamanzi ajulile noma ezimeni eziyingozi. Ama-AUV angaphinde asetshenziselwe imisebenzi yesikhathi eside noma izikhathi zokuphendula ngokushesha, njengemishini yokusesha nokuhlenga noma ukuqapha indawo ezungezile.

Enye yezinzuzo ezibalulekile zalezi zimoto ikhono lazo lokuqoqa nokudlulisa idatha ngesikhathi sangempela, okubalulekile ocwaningweni lwesayensi nokuzulazula kwemikhumbi. Ukwengeza, ama-AUV angahlonyiswa ngezinzwa ezihlukahlukene, njenge-sonar, amakhamera, nezinto ezisekelwe emanzini, ezingaqoqa idatha ngezinga lokushisa lamanzi, usawoti, imisinga, kanye nezilwane zasolwandle. Lolu lwazi lungasetshenziswa ukuqonda kangcono imvelo yasolwandle nokwenza izinqumo ezinolwazi mayelana nokongiwa kwemvelo nokuphatha.

Ama-AUV nawo aya ngokuya esetshenziswa embonini kawoyela negesi ukuze ahlolwe futhi alungiswe amapayipi. Lezi zimoto zinciphisa ubungozi bezingozi ngenkathi kulungiswa imisebenzi. Angaphinde asetshenziselwe izicelo zezempi, njengokugada kwezokuphepha ngaphansi kwamanzi kanye nezinyathelo zokulwa ezimayini. I-China, isibonelo, ibilokhu ihlanganisa amaphrojekthi ayo e-AUV kanye ne-UUV kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1980 ukuze kuhlolwe futhi kugadwe olwandle.

Umthelela ophazamisayo

Ukuthuthukiswa kwama-AUV kuqhutshwa ngokuyinhloko ukwanda kwesidingo samafemu kawoyela negesi, kanye nezinhlaka zikahulumeni. Ngenxa yalokho, abadlali abambalwa ababalulekile embonini bathuthukisa ngenkuthalo amamodeli athuthukile angenza imisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi ngokusebenza kahle okukhulu nokunemba. NgoFebhuwari 2021, i-Kongsberg Maritime ezinze eNorway yakhipha ama-AUV esizukulwane esilandelayo, angakwazi ukwenza umkhankaso wezinsuku eziyi-15. Lezi zimoto zifakwe ubuchwepheshe bezinzwa obuthuthukisiwe bokuqoqa idatha ngamaza olwandle, amazinga okushisa, namazinga osawoti.

Amasosha ngomunye umkhakha obalulekile oqhuba ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe be-AUV. NgoFebhuwari 2020, uMnyango Wezokuvikela wase-US unikeze inkontileka yeminyaka emibili, engu-$12.3 million USD ku-Lockheed Martin, inkampani ehamba phambili yezobuchwepheshe bezempi, ukuze yakhe imoto enkudlwana engaphansi kwamanzi engenamuntu (UUV). Ngokufanayo, i-China ibicwaninga ngenkuthalo ubuchwepheshe be-AUV ngezinjongo zempi, ikakhulukazi ukuthola ubukhona bemikhumbi-ngwenya yangaphandle nezinye izinto zasemanzini esifundeni sase-Indo-Pacific. Amaglider angaphansi kolwandle akwazi ukutshuza ajule futhi aye phambili akhiwa ngale njongo, futhi amanye amamodeli abuye asetshenziswe ekwakhiweni kwezimayini ukuhlasela imikhumbi yezitha.

Nakuba ubuchwepheshe be-AUV bunezinzuzo eziningi ezingaba khona, ukwethulwa kwe-AI kuphakamise ukukhathazeka ngemithelela yezimiso zokuziphatha yokusebenzisa lobo buchwepheshe ezimpini. Ukusetshenziswa kwezikhali ezizimele, okuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi "amarobhothi abulalayo," ukulimaza abantu nengqalasizinda kuphikiswa iningi lamalungu eNhlangano Yezizwe (UN). Kodwa-ke, amazwe afana ne-US ne-China ayaqhubeka nokutshala imali eningi kubuchwepheshe be-AUV ukuze engezelele amakhono awo ezempi. 

Izicelo zezimoto ezizimele ngaphansi kwamanzi

Ezinye izicelo zama-AUV zingafaka:

• Ama-AUV amakhulu anemisebenzi yekhompuyutha kanye nezinzwa ezithuthukisiwe ezithuthukiswayo ukuze ekugcineni zithathe indawo yemikhumbi-ngwenya.
• Izinkampani zamandla ezithembele kuma-AUV ukuze zithole uwoyela negesi ngaphansi kwamanzi, kanye nokuhlola nokuqapha amandla olwandle.
• Izinkampani zengqalasizinda ezisebenzisa ama-AUV ekunakekeleni izinsiza ezibalulekile zangaphansi kwamanzi, njengamapayipi, izintambo, nezinjini zomoya ezingasogwini lolwandle. 
• Ama-AUV asetshenziselwa imivubukulo engaphansi kwamanzi, evumela abacwaningi ukuthi bahlole futhi babhale phansi izindawo zemivubukulo ezingaphansi kwamanzi ngaphandle kwesidingo sabatshuzi. 
• Ama-AUV atshalwa ekuphathweni kwezindawo zokudoba, njengoba engasiza ukulandelela isibalo sezinhlanzi nokuqapha umsebenzi wokudoba. 
• Lawa madivaysi asetshenziselwa ukuqapha imiphumela yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu endaweni yolwandle, njengokushintsha kwezinga lokushisa nokukhuphuka kwezinga lolwandle. Lolu hlelo lokusebenza lungasiza ukwazisa inqubomgomo yesimo sezulu kanye nosizo ekubikezeleni nasekunciphiseni imithelela yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.
• Ama-AUV asetshenziselwa ukumba ngaphansi kwamanzi, njengoba ekwazi ukuzulazula endaweni enzima futhi aqoqe idatha yediphozithi yamaminerali. 

Imibuzo okufanele icatshangelwe

• Ucabanga ukuthi ama-AUV azosetshenziswa kanjani ngokuzayo?
• Ama-AUV angakuthinta kanjani uhambo lwasolwandle nokuhlola?