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ISIKWELETU SESITHOMBE: I-Quantumrun

Ukuhlela amadolobha amakhulu akusasa: Ikusasa Lamadolobha P2

UDavid Tal, Umshicileli, i-Futurist
@Quantumrun
I-LinkedIn

ULwesibili, 09/15/2020 - 09:08

Amadolobha awazidali wona. Ziyizinxushunxushu ezihleliwe. Ziyimihlola eqhubekayo bonke abantu basemadolobheni ababamba iqhaza kuyo nsuku zonke, ukuhlola okunhloso yayo kuwukuthola i-alchemy yomlingo evumela izigidi zabantu ukuthi zihlale ndawonye ngokuphepha, ngenjabulo, nangokuphumelelayo.

Lezi zivivinyo azikakalethi igolide, kodwa phakathi neminyaka engamashumi amabili edlule, ikakhulukazi, ziye zembula ukuqonda okujulile kokuthi yini ehlukanisa amadolobha angahlelwanga kahle namadolobha asezingeni lomhlaba ngempela. Besebenzisa le mininingwane, ngaphezu kobuchwepheshe bamuva, abahleli bedolobha besimanje emhlabeni wonke manje baqala uguquko olukhulu kakhulu lwamadolobha emakhulwini eminyaka.

Ukwandisa i-IQ yamadolobha ethu

Phakathi kwentuthuko ejabulisa kakhulu ekukhuleni kwamadolobha ethu esimanje ukukhuphuka kwe imizi ehlakaniphile. Lezi izikhungo zasemadolobheni ezithembele kubuchwepheshe bedijithali ukuqapha nokuphatha izinsizakalo zikamasipala-cabanga ukuphathwa kwethrafikhi nokuhamba komphakathi, izinsiza, amaphoyisa, ukunakekelwa kwezempilo kanye nokuphathwa kwemfucuza-ngesikhathi sangempela ukuze kusetshenziswe idolobha ngendlela ephumelelayo, engabizi kakhulu, nemfucuza encane futhi ukuphepha okuthuthukisiwe. Ezingeni lomkhandlu wedolobha, ubuchwepheshe bedolobha obuhlakaniphile buthuthukisa ukubusa, ukuhlela amadolobha, nokuphathwa kwezinsiza. Futhi esakhamuzini esivamile, ubuchwepheshe bedolobha elihlakaniphile lubavumela ukuthi bakhulise umkhiqizo wabo wezomnotho futhi bathuthukise indlela yabo yokuphila.

Le miphumela encomekayo isivele ibhalwe kahle emadolobheni amaningana ahlakaniphile abamukela kuqala, njenge-Barcelona (eSpain), i-Amsterdam (Netherlands), iLondon (UK), i-Nice (i-France), i-New York (i-USA) ne-Singapore. Kodwa-ke, amadolobha ahlakaniphile abengeke akwazi ngaphandle kokukhula kwakamuva nje kokuqanjwa kabusha okuthathu okuyizitayela ezinkulu kuwo ngokwawo.

Ingqalasizinda ye-inthanethi. Njengoba kubonisiwe esihlokweni sethu Ikusasa le-inthanethi I-inthanethi, i-inthanethi isineminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amabili ubudala, futhi nakuba singase sizizwe sengathi itholakala yonke indawo, iqiniso liwukuthi ikude nokuba ibe yinsakavukela. Kwe 7.4 billion abantu emhlabeni (2016), 4.4 billion abanakho ukufinyelela ku-inthanethi. Lokho kusho ukuthi iningi labantu emhlabeni alikaze libeke iso ku-Grumpy Cat meme.

Njengoba ubungalindela, iningi lalaba bantu abangaxhumekile bavame ukuba mpofu futhi bahlala ezindaweni zasemakhaya ezingenayo ingqalasizinda yesimanje, njengokufinyelela kukagesi. Izizwe ezisathuthuka zivame ukuba nokuxhumana okubi kakhulu kwewebhu; Ngokwesibonelo, i-India inabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi eziyinkulungwane abangenayo i-Internet, ilandelwa eduze iChina enabantu abayizigidi ezingu-730.

Nokho, ngo-2025, iningi lamazwe asathuthuka lizobe selixhumekile. Lokhu kufinyelela ku-inthanethi kuzofika ngobuchwepheshe obuhlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa ukunwetshwa kwe-fiber-optic okunamandla, ukulethwa kwe-Wi-Fi inoveli, ama-drones e-inthanethi, namanethiwekhi amasha asethelayithi. Futhi nakuba abampofu emhlabeni wonke bethola ukufinyelela kuwebhu kungabonakali njengento enkulu ekuqaleni, cabanga ukuthi emhlabeni wethu wanamuhla, ukufinyelela ku-inthanethi kuqhuba ukukhula komnotho:

Okungeziwe 10 omakhalekhukhwini kubantu abayi-100 emazweni asathuthuka banyusa izinga lokukhula kwe-GDP ngomuntu ngamunye ngephuzu elingaphezu kwephesenti elilodwa.
Izinhlelo zokusebenza zewebhu zizosebenza 22 amaphesenti ye-GDP yaseChina isiyonke ngo-2025.
Ngo-2020, ulwazi lwekhompyutha oluthuthukisiwe kanye nokusetshenziswa kwedatha yeselula kungakhulisa i-GDP yase-India ngo 5 amaphesenti.
Uma i-inthanethi ifinyelela kumaphesenti angama-90 wabantu bomhlaba, esikhundleni samaphesenti angama-32 namuhla, i-GDP yomhlaba wonke izokhula $ 22 trillion ngu-2030-leyo yinzuzo engu-$17 kuyo yonke i-$1 esetshenzisiwe.
Uma amazwe asathuthuka efinyelela ekungeneni kwe-inthanethi okulingana nezwe elithuthukile namuhla, azokwazi ukukhiqiza imisebenzi eyizigidi eziyi-120 futhi ikhiphe abantu abayizigidi eziyi-160 ebuphofini.

Lezi zinzuzo zokuxhuma zizosheshisa ukuthuthukiswa Kwezwe Lesithathu, kodwa futhi zizokhulisa amadolobha asezindaweni eziyinhloko aseNtshonalanga ajabulelayo njengamanje. Ungakubona lokhu ngomzamo ohlangene amadolobha amaningi aseMelika atshala imali ukuze alethe isivinini se-inthanethi esisheshayo ezingxenyeni zawo—egqugquzelwa ngokwengxenye izinhlelo zokusethwa kwezitayela ezifana I-Google Fiber.

Lawa madolobha atshala imali ku-Wi-Fi yamahhala ezindaweni zomphakathi, abeka amapayipi e-fiber njalo uma abasebenzi bezokwakha beqa amaphrojekthi angahlobene, futhi abanye baze bafinyelele ezingeni lokwethula amanethiwekhi e-inthanethi edolobha. Lokhu kutshalwa kwezimali ekuxhumaniseni akugcini nje ngokuthuthukisa ikhwalithi futhi kwehlisa izindleko ze-inthanethi yendawo, akugcini nje ngokukhuthaza umkhakha wasendaweni wobuchwepheshe obuphezulu, akugcini nje ngokuthuthukisa ukuncintisana kwedolobha kwezomnotho uma kuqhathaniswa nomakhelwane balo basemadolobheni, kodwa futhi kwenza obunye ubuchwepheshe obubalulekile. lokho kwenza amadolobha ahlakaniphile akwazi….

Inthanethi Things. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukhetha ukuyibiza ngokuthi i-computer ubiquitous, i-inthanethi Yakho Konke, noma I-inthanethi Yezinto (IoT), zonke ziyafana: I-IoT iyinethiwekhi eklanyelwe ukuxhuma izinto ezibonakalayo kuwebhu. Faka enye indlela, i-IoT isebenza ngokubeka izinzwa ezincane-kuya-ku-microscopic kuwo wonke umkhiqizo okhiqiziwe, emishinini eyenza le mikhiqizo ekhiqiziwe, futhi (kwezinye izimo) ngisho nasezintweni zokusetshenziswa ezitholakala emishinini eyenza le mikhiqizo yenziwe. imikhiqizo.

Lezi zinzwa zixhuma kuwebhu ngaphandle kwentambo futhi ekugcineni “zinike ukuphila” ezintweni ezingaphili ngokuzivumela ukuthi zisebenze ndawonye, zijwayelane nezimo ezishintshayo, zifunde ukusebenza kangcono futhi zizame ukuvimbela izinkinga.

Kubakhiqizi, abathengisi, nabanikazi bemikhiqizo, lezi zinzwa ze-IoT zivumela ikhono elingenakwenzeka lokuqapha ukude, ukulungisa, ukuvuselela, nokuthengisa imikhiqizo yabo. Emadolobheni ahlakaniphile, inethiwekhi yedolobha lonke yalezi zinzwa ze-IoT-ngaphakathi kwamabhasi, iziqapha zezinsiza zezakhiwo, ngaphakathi kwamapayipi endle, yonke indawo-zivumela ukuthi zilinganise ngokuphumelelayo imisebenzi yabantu futhi zinikeze izinsiza ngokufanele. Ngokusho kukaGartner, amadolobha ahlakaniphile azosebenzisa "izinto" ezixhunyiwe eziyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-1.1 ngo-2015, ikhuphuke yafinyelela ku-9.7 billion ngo-2020.

Idatha enkulu. Namuhla, ngaphezu kwanoma isiphi isikhathi emlandweni, umhlaba usetshenziswa ngogesi ngakho konke okugadwayo, ukulandelelwa nokukalwa. Kodwa nakuba i-IoT nobunye ubuchwepheshe bungase busize amadolobha ahlakaniphile aqoqe izilwandlekazi zedatha kunanini ngaphambili, yonke leyo datha ayinamsebenzi ngaphandle kwekhono lokuhlaziya leyo datha ukuze kutholwe imininingwane engasebenza. Faka idatha enkulu.

Idatha enkulu iyigama lobuchwepheshe elisanda kukhula lidume kakhulu—ozolizwa liphindaphindwa ngezinga elicasulayo ngawo wonke ama-2020s. Igama elibhekisela ekuqoqweni nasekugcinweni kweqoqo elikhulu ledatha, isixuku esikhulu kangangokuthi amakhompyutha amakhulu kuphela namanethiwekhi amafu angahlafuna kuwo. Sikhuluma ngedatha esikalini se-petabyte (gigabytes eyisigidi esisodwa).

Esikhathini esedlule, yonke le datha bekungenakwenzeka ukuyilungisa, kodwa unyaka ngamunye odlulayo ama-algorithms angcono, ahlanganiswe namakhompyutha amakhulu anamandla, avumele ohulumeni nezinkampani ukuthi baxhume amachashazi futhi bathole amaphethini kuyo yonke le datha. Emadolobheni ahlakaniphile, lawa maphethini awavumela ukuthi enze kangcono imisebenzi emithathu ebalulekile: ukulawula amasistimu ayanda ukuba yinkimbinkimbi, ukuthuthukisa amasistimu akhona, futhi abikezele amathrendi wesikhathi esizayo.

Sekukonke, izinto ezintsha zakusasa ekuphathweni kwedolobha zilindele ukutholwa lapho lobu buchwepheshe buhlanganiswe ngobuhlakani buhlanganiswe ndawonye. Ngokwesibonelo, cabanga usebenzisa idatha yesimo sezulu ukuze ulungise ngokuzenzakalelayo ukugeleza kwethrafikhi, noma imibiko yomkhuhlane wesikhathi sangempela ukuze uqondise izindawo ezithize ezinamadrayivu engeziwe omkhuhlane, noma usebenzise idatha yenkundla yezokuxhumana eqondiswe yi-geo ukuze ulindele ubugebengu basendaweni ngaphambi kokuthi kwenzeke.

Le mininingwane kanye nokunye kuzoza kakhulu ngamadeshibhodi edijithali azotholakala kabanzi kubahleli bedolobha bakusasa nezikhulu ezikhethiwe. Lawa madeshibhodi azohlinzeka izikhulu ngemininingwane yesikhathi sangempela mayelana nokusebenza kwedolobha lazo kanye nezitayela, ngaleyo ndlela azivumele ukuthi zenze izinqumo ezingcono mayelana nendlela yokutshala izimali zomphakathi kumaphrojekthi wengqalasizinda. Futhi lokho kuyinto okufanele sibonge ngayo, uma kucatshangelwa ukuthi ohulumeni bomhlaba babikezelwa ukuthi bazosebenzisa imali elinganiselwa ku-$35 trillion emisebenzini yasemadolobheni, yemisebenzi yomphakathi kule minyaka engamashumi amabili ezayo.

Okungcono nakakhulu, imininingwane ezophakela lawa madeshibhodi amakhansela edolobha izotholakala kabanzi emphakathini. Amadolobha ahlakaniphile aseqala ukubamba iqhaza ohlelweni lwedatha lomthombo ovulekile owenza idatha yomphakathi ifinyeleleke kalula ezinkampanini zangaphandle nakubantu (ngokusebenzisa izixhumanisi zezinhlelo zokusebenza noma ama-API) ukuze isetshenziswe ekwakheni izinhlelo zokusebenza ezintsha namasevisi. Esinye sezibonelo ezivame kakhulu zalokhu izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-smartphone ezakhelwe ngokuzimele ezisebenzisa idatha yezokuthutha zasemadolobheni yesikhathi sangempela ukuze zinikeze izikhathi zokufika zezinto zokuhamba zomphakathi. Njengomthetho, lapho ukwaziswa okwengeziwe kwedolobha kwenziwa kube sobala futhi kufinyeleleke, kulapho lamadolobha ahlakaniphile angazuza khona ebuhlakanini bezakhamuzi bawo bokusheshisa ukuthuthukiswa kwamadolobha.

Ukucabanga kabusha ukuhlela amadolobha ngekusasa

Kukhona imfashini kulezi zinsuku ekhuthaza ukucabangela phezu kwenkolelo enjongweni. Emadolobheni, laba bantu bathi asikho isilinganiso esiqondile sobuhle uma kuziwa ekuklameni izakhiwo, imigwaqo, nemiphakathi. Ngoba ubuhle busemehlweni obhekile phela.

Laba bantu bayizilima.

Yebo ungakwazi ukulinganisa ubuhle. Abayizimpumputhe kuphela, abavilaphayo nabazenzisayo abasho okuhlukile. Futhi uma kuziwa emadolobheni, lokhu kungafakazelwa ngesilinganiso esilula: izibalo zezokuvakasha. Kukhona amadolobha athile emhlabeni aheha izivakashi eziningi kakhulu kunamanye, ngokungaguquki, phakathi namashumi eminyaka, ngisho namakhulu eminyaka.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi i-New York noma i-London, i-Paris noma i-Barcelona, i-Hong Kong noma i-Tokyo nezinye eziningi, izivakashi zithutheleka kulawa madolobha ngoba aklanywe ngendlela eqondile (futhi ngingalokotha ngithi jikelele) ekhangayo. Abahleli bezindawo zasemadolobheni emhlabeni wonke bafunde izimfanelo zala madolobha aphezulu ukuze bathole izimfihlo zokwakha amadolobha akhangayo naphilayo. Futhi ngedatha eyenziwe yatholakala kusukela kubuchwepheshe bedolobha elihlakaniphile elichazwe ngenhla, abahleli bedolobha bazithola bephakathi nokuvuselelwa kwedolobha lapho manje sebenamathuluzi nolwazi lokuhlela ukukhula kwamadolobha ngendlela eqhubekayo futhi enhle kakhulu kunangaphambili.

Ukuhlela ubuhle ezakhiweni zethu

Izakhiwo, ikakhulukazi amabhilidi, ziyisithombe sokuqala abantu abazihlanganisa namadolobha. Izithombe zekhadi leposi zivamise ukukhombisa inkaba yedolobha emi mude emkhathizwe futhi yanga isibhakabhaka esiluhlaza. Izakhiwo zisho okuningi mayelana nesitayela nesimilo sedolobha, kuyilapho izakhiwo ezinde kakhulu nezibukeka kahle zitshela izivakashi ngamavelu idolobha eliwakhathalela kakhulu.

Kodwa njengoba noma yimuphi umhambi engakutshela, amanye amadolobha enza izakhiwo kangcono kunamanye. Kungani kunjalo? Kungani amanye amadolobha ebonisa izakhiwo nezakhiwo eziwuphawu, kuyilapho amanye ebonakala edonsa kanzima futhi ewubukhazikhazi?

Ngokuvamile, amadolobha anamaphesenti aphezulu ezakhiwo "ezimbi" avame ukuhlushwa izifo ezimbalwa ezibalulekile:

Umnyango wokuhlela amadolobha ongaxhaswanga kahle noma ongasekelwe kahle;
Iziqondiso ezihlelwe kabi noma ezingaphoqelelwa kahle ekuthuthukisweni kwedolobha lonke; futhi
Isimo lapho imihlahlandlela yokwakha ekhona ichithwa yizintshisekelo kanye namaphakethe ajulile abathuthukisi bezakhiwo (ngosekelo lwemikhandlu yamadolobha enemali noma enenkohlakalo).

Kulesi simo, amadolobha athuthuka ngokuhambisana nentando yemakethe yangasese. Imigqa engapheli yemibhoshongo engenabuso yakhiwe ngokunganaki ukuthi ifanelana kanjani nendawo eyizungezile. Ukuzijabulisa, izitolo, nezindawo zomphakathi kuwumcabango osemuva. Lezi izindawo ezingomakhelwane lapho abantu abalala khona esikhundleni sezindawo ezihlala abantu.

Yebo, ikhona indlela engcono. Futhi le ndlela engcono ihilela imithetho ecacile kakhulu, echaziwe yokuthuthukiswa kwamadolobha ezakhiwo eziphakeme.

Uma kuziwa emadolobheni umhlaba wonke uwathakaselayo, wonke aphumelela ngoba athole umuzwa wokulinganisa isitayela sawo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abantu bathanda ukuhleleka okubukwayo kanye nokulinganisa, kodwa okuningi kungazwakala kuyisicefe, kucindezele futhi kuhlukanise, kufana I-Norilsk, eRussia. Kungenjalo, abantu bathanda inkimbinkimbi endaweni ebazungezile, kodwa kakhulu kungase kudideke, noma okubi nakakhulu, kungase kube sengathi idolobha lomuntu alinabo ubunjalo.

Ukulinganisa lezi zimo ezinzima, kodwa amadolobha akhanga kakhulu afunde ukukwenza kahle ngohlelo lwamadolobha oluyinkimbinkimbi ehlelekile. Thatha i-Amsterdam njengesibonelo: Izakhiwo ezisemiseleni yayo edumile zinobude nobubanzi obufanayo, kodwa ziyahlukahluka kakhulu ngombala wazo, umhlobiso, nomklamo wophahla. Amanye amadolobha angalandela le ndlela ngokuphoqelela imithetho kamasipala, amakhodi, nemihlahlandlela kubathuthukisi bezakhiwo ebatshela ukuthi iziphi izimfanelo zezakhiwo zabo ezintsha ezidingayo ukuze zihlale zihambisana nezakhiwo ezingomakhelwane, nokuthi yiziphi izimfanelo abakhuthazwa ukuba basungule ngazo.

Ngendlela efanayo, abacwaningi bathola ukuthi izilinganiso zibalulekile emadolobheni. Ngokucacile, ubude obufanele bezakhiwo buzungeze izitezi ezinhlanu (cabanga ngeParis noma i-Barcelona). Izakhiwo ezinde zilungile ngokwesilinganiso, kodwa izakhiwo eziningi ezinde zingenza abantu bazizwe bebancane futhi bengabalulekile; kwamanye amadolobha, avimbela ilanga, anciphise ukuchayeka kwabantu okunempilo kwansuku zonke emini.

Ngokuvamile, amabhilidi amade kufanele alinganiselwe ngenani kanye nezakhiwo eziyisibonelo esihle samagugu nezifiso zedolobha. Lezi zakhiwo ezinhle kufanele zibe izakhiwo eziklanywe ngendlela ebukekayo eziphindeke kabili njengeziheha izivakashi, uhlobo lwebhilidi noma izakhiwo idolobha elingabonwa ngazo ngamehlo engqondo, njengeSagrada Familia eseBarcelona, i-CN Tower eToronto noma iBurj Dubai e-United Arab Emirates. .

Kodwa zonke lezi ziqondiso yilokho okungenzeka namuhla. Maphakathi nawo-2020, kuzovela izinto ezintsha ezimbili ezintsha zobuchwepheshe ezizoshintsha indlela esizokwakha ngayo nokuthi sizoklama kanjani izakhiwo zethu zesikhathi esizayo. Lezi izinto ezintsha ezizoshintsha ukuthuthukiswa kwesakhiwo kube indawo ye-sci-fi. Funda kabanzi ku isahluko sesithathu yalolu chungechunge lwekusasa lamadolobha.

Ukwethula kabusha isici somuntu ekwakhiweni kwethu komgwaqo

Ukuxhuma zonke lezi zakhiwo ziyimigwaqo, isimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi emadolobheni ethu. Kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1960, ukucatshangelwa kwezimoto ngaphezu kwabahamba ngezinyawo kuye kwabusa ukwakhiwa kwemigwaqo emadolobheni anamuhla. Ngokulandelayo, lokhu kucatshangelwa kwakhulisa umkhondo wale migwaqo elokhu yanda kanye nezindawo zokupaka ezinazo emadolobheni ethu wonkana.

Ngeshwa, okubi kokugxila ezimotweni ngaphezu kwabahamba ngezinyawo ukuthi izinga lempilo emadolobheni ethu liyaphazamiseka. Ukungcoliswa komoya kuyenyuka. Izindawo zomphakathi ziyashwabana noma zingabibikho ngoba imigwaqo iminyene. Ukuhamba kalula ngezinyawo kuyehla njengoba imigwaqo namabhulokhi edolobha kumele kube kukhulu ngokwanele ukumumatha izimoto. Ikhono lezingane, abantu abadala kanye nabantu abakhubazekile lokuzulazula edolobheni ngokuzimela liyashabalala njengoba ukuphambana kwemigwaqo kuba nzima futhi kube yingozi ukuwela kulesi sibalo sabantu. Impilo ebonakalayo emigwaqeni iyashabalala njengoba abantu begqugquzelwa ukuthi bashayele baye ezindaweni esikhundleni sokuhamba ngezinyawo beya kuzo.

Manje, bekungenzekani uma uphendulela le paradigm ukuze udizayine izitaladi zethu ngomcabango wabahamba ngezinyawo owokuqala? Njengoba ubungalindela, izinga lempilo liyathuthuka. Uzothola amadolobha azizwa njengamadolobha aseYurophu akhiwa ngaphambi kokufika kwezimoto.

Kusasele ama-boulevard abanzi e-NS kanye ne-EW asiza ukusungula umuzwa wendlela noma umumo futhi akwenze kube lula ukushayela unqamule idolobha. Kodwa ukuxhuma la ma-boulevards, lawa madolobha amadala abuye abe ne-lattice eyinkimbinkimbi yemigwaqo emifushane, emincane, engalingani, kanye (ngezikhathi ezithile) ne-backstreet enezela umuzwa wokuhlukahluka endaweni yawo yasemadolobheni. Le migwaqo emincane ivame ukusetshenziswa ngabahamba ngezinyawo njengoba kulula kakhulu ukuthi wonke umuntu awele, ngaleyo ndlela iheha ukugcwala kwezinyawo. Lokhu kukhuphuka kwezimoto ezihamba ngezinyawo kuheha abanikazi bamabhizinisi endawo ukuthi basungule abahleli bezitolo nabamadolobha ukuze bakhe amapaki nezikwele zomphakathi eduze kwale migwaqo, sekukonke kudala ugqozi olukhulu nakakhulu lokuthi abantu basebenzise le migwaqo.

Kulezi zinsuku, izinzuzo ezishiwo ngenhla ziqondwa kahle, kodwa izandla zabahleli bedolobha abaningi emhlabeni wonke zisaboshelwe ekwakheni imigwaqo ebanzi futhi ebanzi. Isizathu salokhu sihlobene nokuthambekela okuxoxwe ngakho esahlukweni sokuqala salolu chungechunge: Inani labantu abathuthela emadolobheni landa ngokushesha kunalokho la madolobha angakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nawo. Futhi nakuba uxhaso lwezinhlelo zezokuthutha zomphakathi lukhulu namuhla kunangaphambili, iqiniso lihlala liwukuthi ukugcwala kwezimoto emadolobheni amaningi omhlaba kukhula unyaka nonyaka.

Ngenhlanhla, kunoshintsho olushintsha umdlalo emisebenzini ezonciphisa kakhulu izindleko zokuhamba, ithrafikhi, kanye nenani eliphelele lezimoto emgwaqeni. Ukuthi lokhu okuqanjwa okusha kuzoyiguqula kanjani indlela esakha ngayo amadolobha ethu, sizofunda kabanzi ngakho isahluko sesine yalolu chungechunge lwekusasa lamadolobha.

Ukuqinisa ukuminyana ezindaweni zethu zasemadolobheni

Ukuminyana kwamadolobha ngesinye isici esikhulu esiwahlukanisa emiphakathini emincane yasemakhaya. Futhi uma kubhekwa ukukhula kwamadolobha ethu eminyakeni engamashumi amabili ezayo, lokhu kuminyana kuzokhula kuphela unyaka nonyaka. Kodwa-ke, izizathu ezibangela ukukhulisa amadolobha ethu aminyene kakhulu (okungukuthi, ukuthuthukiswa kwezindawo ezintsha ezithuthukisiwe) esikhundleni sokukhulisa indawo yedolobha endaweni eyikhilomitha ebanzi kuhlobene kakhulu namaphuzu okukhulunywe ngawo ngenhla.

Uma idolobha likhethe ukubhekelela inani labantu elikhulayo ngokukhula libe banzi libe nezindlu eziningi kanye nezakhiwo ezisezingeni eliphansi, kuzofanele litshale imali ekwandiseni ingqalasizinda yalo ngaphandle, libe liphinde lakha imigwaqo eminingi kanye nemigwaqo emikhulu ezothuthukisa ukugcwala kwabantu abaningi ukuya edolobheni. ingaphakathi ledolobha. Lezi zindleko ziyizindleko ezihlala njalo, ezingeziwe zokulungisa lezo abakhokhi bentela basedolobheni okuyodingeka bazithwale unomphela.

Kunalokho, amadolobha amaningi esimanje akhetha ukubeka imingcele yokwenziwa ekwandiseni idolobha lawo ngaphandle futhi aqondise ngobudlova abathuthukisi abazimele ukuthi bakhe amakhondomu okuhlala eduze nendawo emaphakathi yedolobha. Izinzuzo zale ndlela ziningi. Abantu abahlala futhi basebenze eduze nenkaba yedolobha abasadingi ukuba nemoto futhi bagqugquzelwa ukusebenzisa izinto zokuhamba zomphakathi, ngaleyo ndlela basuse inombolo enkulu yezimoto emgwaqeni (kanye nokungcoliswa kwazo okuhlobene). Ukuthuthukiswa kwengqalasizinda yomphakathi engaphansi kakhulu kumele kutshalwe endaweni eyodwa ephezulu ehlala izindlu eziyi-1,000, kunezindlu ezingama-500 ezihlala i-1,000. Inani elikhulu labantu liphinde lihehe izitolo eziningi namabhizinisi ukuthi avuleke phakathi nedolobha, adale amathuba emisebenzi emisha, aphinde anciphise ubunikazi bezimoto, futhi enze ngcono izinga lempilo yedolobha lilonke.

Njengomthetho, lolu hlobo lwedolobha elisebenziseka kalula, lapho abantu bekwazi khona ukufinyelela ezindlini zabo, emsebenzini, ezindaweni zokuthenga, nezokuzijabulisa lusebenza kahle kakhulu futhi lulula ukwedlula i-suburbia izinkulungwane zeminyaka eminingi manje zibaleka ngenkuthalo. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, amanye amadolobha acabangela indlela entsha eqinile yokukhokhiswa intela ngethemba lokuthuthukisa ukuminyana ngisho nangokwengeziwe. Sizoxoxa ngalokhu ngokuqhubekayo isahluko sesihlanu yalolu chungechunge lwekusasa lamadolobha.

Ubunjiniyela imiphakathi yabantu

Amadolobha ahlakaniphile nabuswa kahle. Izakhiwo ezakhiwe kahle. Imigwaqo egandaywe ngabantu esikhundleni sezimoto. Futhi ukukhuthaza ukuminyana ukukhiqiza amadolobha asebenziseka kalula. Zonke lezi zici zokuhlela zasemadolobheni zisebenza ndawonye ukuze kwakhiwe amadolobha abandakanyayo, aphilekayo. Kodwa mhlawumbe okubaluleke ngaphezu kwazo zonke lezi zici ukukhuliswa kwemiphakathi yendawo.

Umphakathi iqembu noma inhlanganyelo yabantu abahlala endaweni eyodwa noma ababelana ngezici ezifanayo. Imiphakathi yeqiniso ayikwazi ukwakhiwa ngokuzenzela. Kodwa ngokuhlelwa kwedolobha okulungile, kuyenzeka kwakhiwe izinto ezisekelayo ezivumela umphakathi ukuthi uzihlanganisele wona.

Iningi lethiyori mayelana nokwakhiwa komphakathi ngaphakathi kohlaka lokuhlela amadolobha livela kuntatheli edumile kanye nosolwazi wasemadolobheni, uJane Jacobs. Wasekela izimiso eziningi zokuhlela zasemadolobheni okukhulunywe ngazo ngenhla—ukuthuthukisa imigwaqo emifushane nencane eheha ukusetshenziswa okwengeziwe kwabantu okube sekuheha amabhizinisi nentuthuko yomphakathi. Kodwa-ke, uma kuziwa emiphakathini esafufusa, uphinde wagcizelela isidingo sokuthuthukisa izimfanelo ezimbili ezibalulekile: ukuhlukahluka nokuphepha.

Ukufeza lezi zimfanelo ekwakhiweni kwedolobha, uJacobs ukhuthaze abahleli ukuthi bakhuthaze la maqhinga alandelayo:

Khulisa indawo yokuhweba. Khuthaza yonke intuthuko emigwaqweni emikhulu noma ephithizelayo ukuthi igcine isitezi sayo sokuqala kuya kwezintathu ukuze isetshenziswe ngenjongo yokuthengisa, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isitolo sezinto ezilula, ihhovisi likadokotela wamazinyo, indawo yokudlela, njll. Uma idolobha linendawo yokuthengisa eyengeziwe, yehlisa isilinganiso serenti yalezi zindawo. , okunciphisa izindleko zokuvula amabhizinisi amasha. Futhi njengoba amabhizinisi amaningi evuleka emgwaqeni, uthe umgwaqo uheha abantu abaningi abahamba ngezinyawo, futhi lapho kugcwala abantu abahamba ngezinyawo, kuvuleka amabhizinisi. Sekukonke, kungenye yalezo zinto zomjikelezo omuhle.

Ingxube yokwakha. Okuhlobene naleli phuzu elingenhla, uJacobs uphinde wakhuthaza abahleli bedolobha ukuthi bavikele iphesenti lezakhiwo ezidala zedolobha ekuthathweni kwezindlu ezintsha noma imibhoshongo yezinkampani. Isizathu siwukuthi izakhiwo ezintsha zikhokhisa intela ephakeme ngendawo yazo yezentengiselwano, ngaleyo ndlela ziheha amabhizinisi acebe kakhulu (njengamabhange nezitolo zemfashini ezisezingeni eliphezulu) futhi akhiphe izitolo ezizimele ezingakwazi ukukhokhela intela yazo ephakeme. Ngokuphoqelela ingxube yezakhiwo ezindala nezintsha, abahleli bangakwazi ukuvikela ukuhlukahluka kwamabhizinisi umgwaqo ngamunye okufanele uhlinzekwe.

Imisebenzi eminingi. Lokhu kuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo zamabhizinisi emgwaqeni kudlala ngendlela ekahle ka-Jacob ekhuthaza indawo noma isifunda ngasinye ukuthi sibe nomsebenzi oyinhloko ongaphezu kowodwa ukuze kuhehwe ukuhamba kwabantu abahamba ngezinyawo ngazo zonke izikhathi zosuku. Isibonelo, i-Bay Street e-Toronto iyisizinda sezimali sedolobha (kanye naseCanada). Izakhiwo ezikulo mgwaqo zigxile kakhulu embonini yezezimali kangangokuthi ngehora lesihlanu noma lesikhombisa ntambama lapho bonke abasebenzi bezezimali sebegoduka, yonke indawo iba indawo efile. Kodwa-ke, uma lo mgwaqo ufaka ukugcwala okuphezulu kwamabhizinisi asuka kwenye imboni, njengamabha noma izindawo zokudlela, le ndawo izohlala isebenza kuze kube kusihlwa.

Ukugadwa komphakathi. Uma amaphuzu amathathu angenhla ephumelela ekukhuthazeni inhlanganisela enkulu yamabhizinisi ukuthi avule eduze nemigwaqo yedolobha (lokho uJacobs angabhekisela kukho “njengechibi lokusetshenziswa kwezomnotho”), khona-ke le migwaqo izobona ukuhamba ngezinyawo imini yonke nobusuku. Bonke laba bantu bakha ungqimba lwemvelo lokuphepha—uhlelo lokuqapha lwemvelo lwamehlo emgwaqweni—njengoba izigebengu zibalekela ukwenza izinto ezingekho emthethweni ezindaweni zomphakathi eziheha inqwaba yofakazi abahamba ngezinyawo. Futhi lapha futhi, imigwaqo ephephile iheha abantu abaningi abaheha amabhizinisi amaningi akhanga abantu abengeziwe.

UJacobs wayekholelwa ukuthi ezinhliziyweni zethu, sithanda imigwaqo ephilayo egcwele abantu abenza izinto futhi bahlanganyele ezindaweni zomphakathi. Futhi emashumini eminyaka kusukela ashicilela izincwadi zakhe zokuqala, ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi lapho abahleli bedolobha bephumelela ekudaleni zonke izimo ezingenhla, umphakathi uzozibonakalisa ngokwemvelo. Futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, eminye yale miphakathi nezindawo ezingomakhelwane zingathuthuka zibe izinto ezikhangayo ezinomlingiswa wazo ekugcineni owaziwa idolobha lonke, bese kuba ngamazwe ngamazwe—cabanga ngo-Broadway eNew York noma ku-Harajuku street e-Tokyo.

Konke lokhu okushiwo, abanye bathi uma kubhekwa ukwanda kwe-inthanethi, ukwakhiwa kwemiphakathi ebonakalayo ekugcineni kuzodlulwa ngokubandakanyeka nemiphakathi eku-inthanethi. Nakuba lokhu kungase kube njalo engxenyeni yokugcina yaleli khulu leminyaka (bheka yethu Ikusasa le-inthanethi series), okwamanje, imiphakathi eku-inthanethi isiphenduke ithuluzi lokuqinisa imiphakathi yasemadolobheni ekhona kanye nokudala emisha ngokuphelele. Eqinisweni, inkundla yezokuxhumana, ukubuyekezwa kwasendaweni, imicimbi kanye namawebhusayithi ezindaba, kanye nenqwaba yezinhlelo zokusebenza zivumele abantu basemadolobheni ukuthi bakhe imiphakathi yangempela naphezu kokuhlelwa okubi kwedolobha okuboniswa emadolobheni athile.

Ubuchwepheshe obusha busethelwe ukuguqula amadolobha ethu akusasa

Amadolobha akusasa azophila noma afe ngendlela akhuthaza ngayo ukuxhumana nobudlelwano phakathi kwabantu bakhona. Futhi yilawo madolobha afinyelela lezi zinhloso ngempumelelo kakhulu azoba ngabaholi bomhlaba wonke eminyakeni engamashumi amabili ezayo. Kodwa inqubomgomo enhle yokuhlela amadolobha iyodwa ngeke yanele ukuphatha ngokuphephile ukukhula kwamadolobha akusasa kubikezelwa ukuthi izobhekana nayo. Lapha kulapho ubuchwepheshe obusha obushiwo ngenhla buzosebenza khona. Funda kabanzi ngokuchofoza izixhumanisi ezingezansi ukuze ufunde izahluko ezilandelayo ochungechungeni lwethu Lwekusasa Lamadolobha.