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Ukuqonda ubuchopho ukusula ukugula kwengqondo: Ikusasa Lempilo P5

UDavid Tal, Umshicileli, i-Futurist
@DavidTalWrites
I-LinkedIn

ULwesibili, 09/15/2020 - 05:34

Ama-neurons ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-100. 100 trillion wama-synapses. Amakhilomitha angu-400 emithanjeni yegazi. Ubuchopho bethu bukhungathekisa isayensi ngobunkimbinkimbi bazo. Eqinisweni, bahlala izikhathi 30 enamandla ukwedlula esisheshayo i-supercomputer.

Kodwa ekuvuleni imfihlakalo yabo, sivula umhlaba ongenalo ukulimala okungapheli kwengqondo nokuphazamiseka kwengqondo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, sizokwazi ukukhulisa ubuhlakani bethu, sisule izinkumbulo ezibuhlungu, sixhumanise izingqondo zethu namakhompuyutha, futhi sihlanganise izingqondo zethu nezingqondo zabanye.

Ngiyazi, ukuthi konke kuzwakala kuyahlanya, kepha njengoba ufunda, uzoqala ukuqonda ukuthi sisondele kangakanani emiphumeleni ezoshintsha kalula ukuthi kusho ukuthini ukuba ngumuntu.

Ekugcineni ukuqonda ubuchopho

Ubuchopho obujwayelekile iqoqo eliminyene lama-neurons (amaseli aqukethe idatha) nama-synapses (izindlela ezivumela ama-neurons ukuxhumana). Kodwa ukuthi lawo ma-neurons nama-synapse axhumana kanjani nokuthi izingxenye ezihlukene zobuchopho zithinta kanjani izingxenye ezihlukene zomzimba wakho, lokho kuseyimpicabadala. Asinawo ngisho amathuluzi anamandla ngokwanele okwamanje okuqonda ngokugcwele lesi sitho. Okubi nakakhulu, ososayensi bezinzwa emhlabeni abanayo ngisho nethiyori okuvunyelwene ngayo yokuthi ubuchopho busebenza kanjani.

Lesi simo sezindaba sidalwa kakhulu yimvelo ye-neuroscience, njengoba ucwaningo oluningi lobuchopho lwenzeka emanyuvesi nasezikhungweni zesayensi emhlabeni jikelele. Nokho, izinhlelo ezintsha ezithembisayo—njenge-US Isinyathelo soBUCHOPHO kanye ne-EU Iphrojekthi yobuchopho bomuntu-manje ziyaqhubeka ukuhlanganisa ucwaningo lobuchopho, kanye nesabelomali esikhulu socwaningo kanye neziqondiso zocwaningo ezigxile kakhulu.

Ngokuhlangene, lezi zinhlelo zithemba ukwenza impumelelo enkulu emkhakheni we-neuroscience we-Connectomics-ucwaningo izixhumanisi: amamephu aphelele okuxhumana ngaphakathi kwesistimu yezinzwa zomzimba. (Eqinisweni, ososayensi bafuna ukuqonda ukuthi i-neuron ngayinye ne-synapse ngaphakathi kobuchopho bakho yenzani ngempela.) Kulokhu, amaphrojekthi athola ukunakwa kakhulu ahlanganisa:

Ama-Optogenetics. Lokhu kubhekisela endleleni yesayensi yezinzwa (ehlobene nama-connectomics) esebenzisa ukukhanya ukulawula ama-neurons. NgesiNgisi, lokhu kusho ukusebenzisa amathuluzi akamuva okuhlela izakhi zofuzo achazwe ezahlukweni zangaphambili zalolu chungechunge ukwenza ama-neurons onjiniyela ngaphakathi kobuchopho bezilwane zaselabhu, ukuze asheshe azwele ekukhanyeni. Lokhu kwenza kube lula ukuqapha ukuthi yimaphi ama-neurons avutha ngaphakathi kobuchopho noma nini lapho lezi zilwane zinyakaza noma zicabanga. Uma busetshenziswa kubantu, lobu buchwepheshe buzovumela ososayensi ukuthi baqonde ngokunembe kakhudlwana ukuthi yiziphi izingxenye zobuchopho ezilawula imicabango yakho, imizwa, nomzimba.

Ibhakhodi ubuchopho. Enye indlela, Ibhakhodi ye-FISSEQ, ijova ubuchopho ngegciwane elakhiwe ngokukhethekile eliklanyelwe ukuphrinta ngokungenabungozi amabhakhodi ayingqayizivele kuma-neuron athelelekile. Lokhu kuzovumela ososayensi ukuthi bakhombe ukuxhumana nomsebenzi kuze kufike ku-synapse ngayinye, okungenzeka kube ngcono kune-optogenetics.

Ukuthwebula ubuchopho bonke. Esikhundleni sokuhlonza umsebenzi wama-neurons nama-synapse ngawodwana, enye indlela ukuqopha wonke kanyekanye. Futhi ngokumangalisayo ngokwanele, sesivele sinamathuluzi ezithombe (izinguqulo zangaphambili noma kunjalo) ukwenza lokho. Okubi ukuthi ukuthwebula ubuchopho bomuntu ngamunye kukhiqiza idatha efinyelela ku-200 terabytes (cishe lokho okukhiqizwa yi-Facebook ngosuku). Futhi kuzoba nje kuze kube amakhompyutha we-quantum ngena endaweni yemakethe, maphakathi nawo-2020, esizokwazi ukucubungula ngokugcwele lelo nani ledatha enkulu kalula.

Ukulandelana kofuzo nokuhlela. Ichazwe ku isahluko sesithathu, futhi kulo mongo, isetshenziswa ebuchosheni.

Sekukonke, inselele yokukhipha i-connectome iqhathaniswa neyokwenza imephu ye-genome yomuntu, efinyelelwe emuva ngo-2001. Nakuba kuyinselelo enkulu kakhulu, umphumela wokugcina we-connectome (ngasekuqaleni kwawo-2030) uzovula indlela eya kuthiyori enkulu ye ubuchopho obuzohlanganisa umkhakha we-neuroscience.

Leli zinga lekusasa lokuqonda lingaholela ekusetshenzisweni okuhlukahlukene, njengezitho zokufakelwa ezilawulwa ingqondo ngokuphelele, intuthuko ku-Brain-Computer Interface (BCI), ukuxhumana kobuchopho nobuchopho (sawubona, i-electronic telepathy), ulwazi kanye nekhono ukulayisha ebuchosheni, Ukulayishwa kwengqondo yakho okufana ne-Matrix kuwebhu—imisebenzi! Kodwa kulesi sahluko, ake sigxile ekutheni le thiyori enhle izosebenza kanjani ekwelapheni ubuchopho nengqondo.

Ukwelashwa okuwujuqu kwezifo zengqondo

Ngokuvamile, zonke iziyaluyalu zengqondo zisukela kokukodwa noma inhlanganisela yokukhubazeka kofuzo, ukulimala ngokomzimba, nokuhlukumezeka ngokomzwelo. Ngokuzayo, uzothola ukwelashwa okungokwezifiso kwalezi zimo zobuchopho ngokusekelwe kwinhlanganisela yobuchwepheshe nezindlela zokwelapha ezizokuxilonga kahle.

Ngokuphazamiseka kwengqondo okubangelwa kakhulu ukukhubazeka kwezakhi zofuzo-okuhlanganisa izifo ezifana nesifo sika-Parkinson, i-ADHD, i-bipolar disorder, ne-schizophrenia-lokhu ngeke kutholakale kuphela kusenesikhathi empilweni esikhathini esizayo, ukuhlolwa kofuzo / ukulandelana kwemakethe, kodwa sizobe ikwazi ukuhlela lezi zakhi zofuzo eziyinkinga (kanye nokuphazamiseka kwazo okuhambisanayo) kusetshenziswa izinqubo zokwelashwa ezenziwe ngezifiso.

Ngokuphazamiseka kwengqondo okubangelwa ukulimala ngokomzimba-okuhlanganisa ukungqubuzana nokulimala kwengqondo okubuhlungu (TBI) ezingozini zasemsebenzini noma ukulwa ezindaweni zempi-lezi zimo zizogcina zelashwe ngenhlanganisela yokwelashwa kwe-stem cell ukuze kukhule kabusha izindawo ezilimele zobuchopho (ezichazwe ku isahluko sokugcina), kanye nokufakelwa kobuchopho okukhethekile (neuroprosthetics).

Lokhu kwakamuva, ikakhulukazi, sekuvele kuvivinywa ngenkuthalo ukusetshenziswa kwemakethe enkulu ngo-2020. Besebenzisa indlela ebizwa ngokuthi i-deep brain stimulation (DBS), odokotela abahlinzayo bafaka i-electrode encane eyimilimitha engu-1 endaweni ethile yobuchopho. Ngokufanayo ne-pacemaker, lawa ma-implants ashukumisa ubuchopho ngokugeleza okuthambile, okungaguquki kukagesi ukuze kuphazamise izihibe zempendulo ezingezinhle ezidala ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo okuphazamisayo. Sebevele utholwe uphumelele ekwelapheni iziguli ezine-OCD enzima, ukuqwasha, nokucindezeleka.

Kodwa uma kuziwa kulokho kuphazamiseka kwengqondo okukhubazayo okubangelwa ukuhlukumezeka ngokomzwelo—okuhlanganisa nokucindezeleka kwangemva kwenhlekelele (PTSD), izikhathi ezidlulele zosizi noma umuzwa wecala, ukuchayeka isikhathi eside ekucindezelekeni nasekuhlukunyezweni ngokwengqondo okuvela endaweni ohlala kuyo, njll—lezi zimo ziyindida eyinkimbinkimbi. ukwelapha.

Inhlupho yezinkumbulo ezinzima

Njengoba nje ingekho ithiyori enhle yobuchopho, isayensi nayo ayinakho ukuqonda okuphelele kokuthi sakha kanjani izinkumbulo. Esikwaziyo ukuthi izinkumbulo zihlukaniswa zibe izinhlobo ezintathu ezijwayelekile:

Imemori yezinzwa: “Ngikhumbula ngibona leyo moto idlula emizuzwaneni emine edlule; ukuhogela lelo hot dog stand emizuzwaneni emithathu edlule; ngizwa ingoma ye-rock yakudala ngenkathi ngidlula esitolo sokuqopha.”

Imemori yesikhathi esifushane: "Cishe emizuzwini eyishumi edlule, umsekeli womkhankaso wangqongqoza emnyango wami wakhuluma nami ngokuthi kungani kufanele ngivotele uTrump njengomongameli."

Inkumbulo yesikhathi eside: “Eminyakeni eyisikhombisa edlule, ngahamba ngohambo lwe-Euro nabangane ababili. Ngesinye isikhathi, ngikhumbula ngidla ama-shrooms e-Amsterdam futhi ngandlela-thile ngagcina ngiseParis ngakusasa. Isikhathi esihle kunazo zonke. "

Kulezi zinhlobo ezintathu zenkumbulo, izinkumbulo zesikhathi eside ziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu; aqukethe ama-subclass afana inkumbulo efihliwe futhi inkumbulo ecacile, eyokugcina ingabuye ihlukaniswe inkumbulo ye-semantic, inkumbulo episodic, futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, izinkumbulo ezingokomzwelo. Lokhu kuyinkimbinkimbi yingakho bengabangela umonakalo omkhulu.

Ukungakwazi ukurekhoda kahle nokucubungula izinkumbulo zesikhathi eside yisizathu esiyinhloko sokuphazamiseka kwengqondo okuningi. Kungakho futhi ikusasa lokwelapha ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo lizobandakanya ukubuyisela izinkumbulo zesikhathi eside noma ukusiza iziguli ukuphatha noma ukusula ngokuphelele izinkumbulo ezikhathazayo zesikhathi eside.

Ukubuyisela izinkumbulo ukuphulukisa ingqondo

Kuze kube manje, kube nokwelashwa okumbalwa okusebenzayo kwabaphethwe i-TBI noma ukuphazamiseka kofuzo njengesifo sika-Parkinson, lapho kuziwa ekubuyiseleni okulahlekile (noma ukumisa ukulahlekelwa okuqhubekayo) kwezinkumbulo zesikhathi eside. E-US kuphela, abayizigidi eziyi-1.7 bahlushwa i-TBI unyaka ngamunye, abangama-270,000 kubo abangamagqala ezempi.

Ukwelashwa kwe-stem cell kanye nofuzo kusasele okungenani ishumi leminyaka (~2025) ekulimaleni okungase kube nokuphulukisa kwe-TBI kanye nokwelapha u-Parkinson. Kuze kube yileso sikhathi, izimila zobuchopho ezifana nalezi ezichazwe ekuqaleni zibonakala zibhekana nalezi zimo namuhla. Zivele zisetshenziselwa ukwelapha isifo sokuwa, i-Parkinson, kanye I-Alzheimer's iziguli, kanye nokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kwalobu buchwepheshe (ikakhulukazi labo ixhaswe yi-DARPA) ingabuyisela ikhono leziguli ze-TBI zokudala ezintsha futhi zibuyisele izinkumbulo ezindala zesikhathi eside ngo-2020.

Ukusula izinkumbulo ukuphulukisa ingqondo

Mhlawumbe ukhohliswe othile omthandayo, noma mhlawumbe ukhohlwe imigqa yakho emcimbini omkhulu wokukhuluma esidlangalaleni; izinkumbulo ezingezinhle zinomkhuba omubi wokuhlala engqondweni yakho. Izinkumbulo ezinjalo zingakufundisa ukwenza izinqumo ezingcono, noma zingakwenza uqaphe ngokwengeziwe ekwenzeni okuthile.

Kodwa lapho abantu bethola izinkumbulo ezibuhlungu kakhulu, njengokuthola umzimba obulewe womuntu othandekayo noma ukusinda endaweni yempi, lezi zinkumbulo zingashintsha zibe yingozi—okungase kuholele ekubeni nokwesaba okungapheli, ukusetshenziswa kabi kwezidakamizwa, kanye nezinguquko ezimbi ebuntwini, njengokwanda kolaka, ukucindezeleka. , njll. Ngokwesibonelo, i-PTSD, ngokuvamile ibizwa ngokuthi isifo sokukhumbula; izehlakalo ezibuhlungu kanye nemizwa engemihle ezwakala kuyo yonke indawo, kusalokhu kubambekile njengamanje njengoba abagulayo bengakwazi ukukhohlwa futhi banciphise umfutho wabo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Yingakho lapho bendabuko engxoxweni-based zokwelapha, izidakamizwa, ngisho yakamuva Imithi yokwelapha esekelwe ngokoqobo ebonakalayo, behluleka ukusiza isiguli sinqobe ukuphazamiseka kwaso okusekelwe enkumbulo, abelapha esikhathini esizayo nodokotela bangase banqume ukususwa kwenkumbulo ebuhlungu ngokuphelele.

Yebo, ngiyazi, lokhu kuzwakala njengethuluzi le-Sci-Fi elivela ku-movie, Sunshine Okuphakade of the Mind Ungenabala, kodwa ucwaningo lokusula inkumbulo luhamba ngokushesha kunokuba ucabanga.

Indlela ehamba phambili isebenza ekuqondeni okusha kokuthi izinkumbulo nazo zikhunjulwa kanjani. Uyabona, ngokungafani nalokho ukuhlakanipha okuvamile okungakutshela kona, inkumbulo ayibekwa etsheni. Kunalokho, isenzo sokukhumbula inkumbulo sishintsha inkumbulo ngokwayo. Ngokwesibonelo, inkumbulo ejabulisayo yothandekayo ingase ibe inkumbulo ebabayo, ngisho ebuhlungu, uma ikhunjulwa phakathi nomngcwabo wabo.

Ngokweleveli yesayensi, ubuchopho bakho buqopha izinkumbulo zesikhathi eside njengeqoqo lama-neurons, ama-synapses, namakhemikhali. Uma utshela ingqondo yakho ukuthi ikhumbule inkumbulo, idinga ukulungisa leli qoqo ngendlela ethile ukuze ukhumbule inkumbulo eshiwo. Kodwa kungaleso sikhathi ukuhlanganiswa kabusha isigaba lapho inkumbulo yakho isengozini enkulu yokuguqulwa noma isulwe. Yilokho kanye ososayensi abaye bathola ukuthi kwenziwa kanjani.

Kafushane, izivivinyo zokuqala zale nqubo zihamba kanjena:

Uvakashela umtholampilo wezokwelapha ukuze uthole i-aphoyintimenti nomelaphi okhethekile kanye nochwepheshe baselabhu;
Umelaphi ube esekubuza uchungechunge lwemibuzo ukuze ahlukanise umsuka (inkumbulo) ye-phobia yakho noma i-PTSD;
Uma usuhlukanisiwe, umelaphi angakugcina ucabanga futhi ukhuluma ngaleyo nkumbulo ukuze ugcine ingqondo yakho igxile kakhulu enkumbulweni kanye nemizwa ehambisana nayo;
Ngalesi sikhathi sokukhumbula isikhathi eside, uchwepheshe waselabhu angacela ukuthi ugwinye iphilisi noma akujove ngomuthi ovimbela inkumbulo;
Njengoba inkumbulo iqhubeka futhi izidakamizwa zikhahlela, imizwa ehambisana nenkumbulo iqala ukuncipha futhi iphele, eceleni kwemininingwane ekhethiwe yenkumbulo (kuye ngokuthi umuthi osetshenzisiwe, inkumbulo ingase ingashabalali ngokuphelele);
Uhlala ngaphakathi ekamelweni kuze kube yilapho umuthi usuguga ngokuphelele, okungukuthi lapho ikhono lakho lemvelo lokwakha izinkumbulo ezivamile zesikhathi esifushane nezesikhathi eside lizinza.

Siyiqoqo lezinkumbulo

Nakuba imizimba yethu ingase ibe iqoqo elikhulu lamaseli, izingqondo zethu ziyiqoqo elikhulu lezinkumbulo. Izinkumbulo zethu zakha i-lattice eyisisekelo yobuntu bethu kanye nemibono yomhlaba. Ukususwa kwenkumbulo eyodwa—ngenhloso noma, okubi nakakhulu, ngengozi—kungaba nomthelela ongalindelekile engqondweni yethu kanye nendlela esisebenza ngayo ekuphileni kwethu kwansuku zonke.

(Manje njengoba sengicabanga ngakho, lesi sixwayiso sizwakala sifana kakhulu nomthelela uvemvane okukhulunywe ngaso cishe ngaso sonke isikhathi ifilimu yokuvakasha yale minyaka engamashumi amathathu edlule. Kuyathakazelisa.)

Ngalesi sizathu, nakuba ukunciphisa inkumbulo nokususwa kuzwakala njengendlela yokwelapha ejabulisayo yokusiza abaphethwe i-PTSD noma izisulu zokudlwengulwa ukuba zinqobe ukuhlukumezeka ngokomzwelo kwesikhathi esidlule, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ukwelapha okunjalo akusoze kwanikezwa kalula.

Lapho usunakho, ngamathrendi namathuluzi ashiwo ngenhla, ukuphela kokugula kwengqondo okungapheli nokukhubazekile kuzobonakala empilweni yethu. Phakathi kwalokhu kanye nemithi emisha ye-blockbuster, imithi enembile, kanye nokuphela kokulimala okungapheli okuchazwe ezahlukweni ezingaphambili, ungacabanga ukuthi uchungechunge lwethu lwekusasa Lezempilo likuhlanganise konke ... kahle, hhayi impela. Okulandelayo, sizoxoxa ngokuthi izibhedlela zakusasa zizobukeka kanjani, kanye nesimo esizayo sohlelo lokunakekelwa kwezempilo.