I-inthanethi Ekhawulelwe: Uma usongo lokunqanyulwa kuba yisikhali

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• Igama lomlobi

  I-Quantumrun Foresight
• October 31, 2022

Isifinyezo sokuqonda

Umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe wamalungelo abantu uyaqaphela ukuthi ukufinyelela ku-inthanethi sekuyilungelo eliyisisekelo, okuhlanganisa nelungelo lokuyisebenzisela ukuhlangana ngokuthula. Nokho, amazwe engeziwe aye anda ukubekela imingcele ukufinyelela kwawo ku-inthanethi. Le mikhawulo ihlanganisa ukuvala shaqa okusukela ekunqanyulweni okubanzi kwe-inthanethi kanye nenethiwekhi yeselula kuya kwezinye iziphazamiso zenethiwekhi, ezifana nokuvimba amasevisi athile noma izinhlelo zokusebenza, okuhlanganisa izinkundla zezokuxhumana nezinhlelo zokusebenza zemiyalezo.

Okuqukethwe kwe-inthanethi okukhawulelwe

Okungenani kube nokuphazamiseka kwe-inthanethi okuxhaswe nguhulumeni okungu-768 emazweni angaphezu kuka-60 kusukela ngo-2016, ngokusho kwedatha yenhlangano engekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni i-#KeepItOn Coalition. Cishe ukuvalwa kwe-inthanethi okungu-190 kuvimbe imihlangano enokuthula, kanti sekuke kwacinywa amakhetho angama-55. Ukwengeza, kusukela ngoJanuwari 2019 kuya kuMeyi 2021, kube nezigameko ezengeziwe ezingama-79 zokuvalwa kwemigwaqo okuhlobene nemibhikisho, okuhlanganisa nokhetho oluningi emazweni afana neBenin, Belarus, Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, Uganda, kanye neKazakhstan.

Ngo-2021, izinhlangano ezingenzi nzuzo, i-Access Now kanye ne-#KeepItOn zabhala izehlakalo ezingu-182 zokuvalwa kwemishini emazweni angu-34 uma kuqhathaniswa nokuvalwa okungu-159 emazweni angu-29 okurekhodiwe ngo-2020. Ngesenzo esisodwa, esiwujuqu, ohulumeni abanegunya bangakwazi ukuhlukanisa imiphakathi yabo ukuze balawule kangcono ulwazi abalutholayo.

Izibonelo yiziphathimandla e-Ethiopia, Myanmar, nase-India ezavala izinsiza zazo ze-inthanethi ngo-2021 ukuze ziqede ukungaboni ngaso linye futhi zithole amandla ezombusazwe phezu kwezakhamuzi zazo. Ngokufanayo, ukuqhuma kwamabhomu kwa-Israel eGaza Strip kulimaze imibhoshongo yezokuxhumana eyayisekela ingqalasizinda yezokuxhumana ebalulekile kanye nezindlu zezindaba ze-Al Jazeera kanye ne-Associated Press.

Phakathi naleso sikhathi, ohulumeni emazweni angu-22 balinganisela uchungechunge lwezinkundla zokuxhumana. Isibonelo, ePakistan, abaphathi bavimbe ukungena ku-Facebook, Twitter, kanye ne-TikTok ngaphambi kwemibhikisho emelene nohulumeni eyayihleliwe. Kwamanye amazwe, izikhulu ziqhubekele phambili ngokuvala ukusetshenziswa kwamanethiwekhi ayimfihlo (ama-VPN) noma ukuvimba ukufinyelela kuwo.

Umthelela ophazamisayo

Ngo-2021, iSpecial Rapporteur Clement Voule yabika ku-United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHCR) ukuthi ukuvalwa kwe-inthanethi manje “sekuthatha isikhathi eside” futhi “kuba nzima kakhulu ukukubona.” Uphinde wathi lezi zindlela akuzona kuphela imibuso enegunya. Ukuvalwa kubhalwe emazweni entando yeningi ngokuhambisana nezitayela ezibanzi. E-Latin America, isibonelo, ukufinyelela okukhawulelwe kwarekhodwa kuphela e-Nicaragua nase-Venezuela kusukela ngo-2018. Kodwa-ke, kusukela ngo-2018, i-Colombia, i-Cuba, ne-Ecuador kubikwa ukuthi yamukele ukuvalwa kwemigwaqo mayelana nemibhikisho emikhulu.

Izinsizakalo zokuphepha zikazwelonke emhlabeni wonke ziye zathuthukisa amandla azo "wokunciphisa" umkhawulokudonsa emadolobheni athile nasezifundeni ukuvimbela ababhikishi ukuthi baxhumane ngaphambi kwesikhathi noma phakathi nemibhikisho. Lezi zinhlangano zomthetho zivame ukukhomba inkundla yezokuxhumana ethize kanye nezicelo zemiyalezo. Ukwengeza, ukuphazamiseka ekufinyeleleni kwe-inthanethi kuqhubekile phakathi nobhadane lwe-COVID-19 futhi kwabekela abantu inselele ukufinyelela kwezinsizakalo zezempilo ezibalulekile. 

Ukumiswa kwe-inthanethi nomakhalekhukhwini bekuhambisana nezinye izindlela ezivimbelayo, ezifana nokwenza izintatheli zibe ubugebengu kanye nabavikeli bamalungelo abantu ngesikhathi sodlame. Ukugxekwa komphakathi okuvela ezinhlanganweni ezisebenzisana nohulumeni njenge-UN kanye ne-G7 akwenzanga lutho ukumisa lo mkhuba. Noma kunjalo, kube nokunqoba okungokomthetho, njengalapho iNkantolo Yomphakathi Yezomnotho Yamazwe AseNtshonalanga Afrika (ECOWAS) ikhipha isinqumo sokuthi ukuvalwa kwe-inthanethi ngo-2017 eTogo kwakungekho emthethweni. Kodwa-ke, kuyangabazeka ukuthi amaqhinga anjalo azovimbela ohulumeni ukuthi baqhubeke basebenzise i-inthanethi ekhawulelwe.

Imithelela ye-inthanethi ekhawulelwe

Imithelela ebanzi ye-inthanethi ekhawulelwe ingabandakanya: 

• Ukulahlekelwa kwezomnotho okubi kakhulu okubangelwa ukuphazamiseka kwebhizinisi kanye nokufinyelela okulinganiselwe ezinsizeni zezezimali.
• Ukuphazamiseka okwengeziwe ezinsizeni ezibalulekile njengokufinyelela ekunakekelweni kwezempilo, umsebenzi okude, nemfundo, okuholela ekucindezelekeni komnotho.
• Imibuso enegunya igcina ukubamba kwayo emandleni ngokuphumelelayo ngokulawula izindlela zokuxhumana.
• Ukunyakaza kwemibhikisho esebenzisa izindlela zokuxhumana ungaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi, okuholela ekusakazeni kancane kolwazi.
• I-UN isebenzisa imithetho yomhlaba emelene nemikhawulo ye-inthanethi futhi ijezisa amazwe angamalungu angathobeli.
• Izinhlelo ezithuthukisiwe zokufunda nokubhala kwedijithali ziba zibalulekile ezikoleni nasezindaweni zokusebenza ukuze uzulazule ezindaweni ezikhawulelwe ze-inthanethi, okuholela kubasebenzisi abanolwazi olungcono.
• Ukushintsha amasu ebhizinisi lomhlaba wonke ukuze azivumelanise nezimakethe ze-inthanethi ezihlukene, okuholela kumamodeli okusebenza ahlukahlukene.
• Ukwenyuka ekuthuthukisweni nasekusetshenzisweni kobunye ubuchwepheshe bezokuxhumana, njengempendulo emikhawulweni ye-inthanethi, okukhuthaza izinhlobo ezintsha zokusebenzisana kwedijithali.

Imibuzo okufanele icatshangelwe

• Yiziphi ezinye izigameko zokuvalwa kwe-inthanethi ezweni lakini?
• Iyini imiphumela yesikhathi eside engaba khona yalo mkhuba?