I-synthetic biology kanye nokudla: Ukuthuthukisa ukukhiqizwa kokudla emabhulokhini wokwakha

• About the Author:
• Igama lomlobi

  I-Quantumrun Foresight
• December 20, 2022

Isifinyezo sokuqonda

I-Synthetic biology, ehlanganisa i-biology kanye nobunjiniyela, ivela njengesixazululo esibalulekile sokuhlangabezana nesidingo esikhulayo sokudla emhlabeni wonke ngenxa yokwanda kwabantu kanye nezinselelo zemvelo. Lo mkhakha awugcini nje ngokuthuthukisa ukuphepha kokudla kanye nokudla okunomsoco kodwa futhi uhlose ukuguqula izinqubo zendabuko zezolimo ngokwethula amaprotheni nemisoco enziwe elebhu. Ngamandla ayo okubumba kabusha imboni yezokudla, i-synthetic biology ingaholela ezindleleni zokulima ezizinzile, izidingo ezintsha zokulawula, kanye nokushintsha kokuthandwa ngabathengi namasiko okudlela.

I-synthetic biology kanye nengqikithi yokudla

Abacwaningi bakha imikhiqizo edliwayo yokwenziwa noma elebhu ukuze kuthuthukiswe futhi kwandise uchungechunge lokudla. Nokho, ngokocwaningo olushicilelwe ku Nature ijenali, maningi amathuba okuthi uzobe ususebenzise noma usebenzise ibhayoloji yokwenziwa ngandlela thize ngo-2030.

Ngokusho kwe-Successful Farming, isibalo sabantu emhlabeni kulindeleke ukuthi sikhule ngezigidigidi ezi-2 ngo-2050, okukhuphula isidingo sokukhiqizwa kokudla emhlabeni wonke cishe ngamaphesenti angama-40. Njengoba abantu abaningi okufanele baphakele, kuzoba nesidingo esikhulu samaprotheni. Kodwa-ke, ukuncipha komhlabathi, ukunyuka kwekhabhoni namazinga olwandle, nokuguguleka kwenhlabathi kuvimbela ukukhiqizwa kokudla ukuthi kuhambisane nesidingo esibikezelwe. Le nselele ingase ixazululwe ngokusetshenziswa kwebhayoloji yokwenziwa noma elebhu, ukuthuthukisa nokwandisa uchungechunge lokudla.

I-synthetic biology ihlanganisa ucwaningo lwebhayoloji nemiqondo yobunjiniyela. Lokhu kuziphatha kususelwa kulwazi, impilo, kanye nesayensi yezenhlalo ukuze kulawulwe imisebenzi yeselula ngokusebenzisa ukujikeleza kwezintambo kanye nokuqonda ukuthi amasistimu ebhayoloji ahlukene aklanywa kanjani. Akukhona nje kuphela ukuthi inhlanganisela yesayensi yokudla kanye nebhayoloji yokwenziwa ibonwa njengendlela ephumelelayo yokuxazulula izinselele zamanje ngokuphepha kokudla nokudla, kodwa lesi siqondiso sesayensi esisafufusa singase sibonakale sibalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ubuchwepheshe bokudla obungasimami kanye nezinqubo zamanje.

I-Synthetic biology izovumela ukukhiqizwa kokudla kusetshenziswa amafekthri amaseli ahlanganisiwe, ama-microorganisms ahlukahlukene, noma amapulatifomu e-biosynthesis angenawo amaseli. Lobu buchwepheshe bungase buthuthukise ukusebenza kahle kokuguqulwa kwensiza futhi bususe izithiyo zendabuko zezolimo kanye nokukhishwa kwekhabhoni ephezulu.

Umthelela ophazamisayo

Ngo-2019, umkhiqizi wokudla okusekelwe esitshalweni i-Impossible Foods wakhipha ibhega "eyopha." I-Impossible Foods ikholelwa ukuthi igazi, ikakhulukazi i-heme ene-iron, lidala ukunambitheka kwenyama okwengeziwe, futhi amakha ayathuthukiswa lapho i-soy leghemoglobin yengezwa kubhega esekelwe ezitshalweni. Ukuze ifake lezi zinto endaweni yazo yenkomo yenkomo, i-Impossible Burger, ifemu isebenzisa ukuhlanganiswa kwe-DNA, amalabhulali ezingxenye zofuzo, kanye ne-positive loop yokufaka i-autoinduction. I-Impossible Burger idinga umhlaba ongaphansi ngamaphesenti angama-96 kanye negesi ebamba ukushisa ngamaphesenti angama-89 ukuze ikhiqize. Le burger ingenye yemikhiqizo eminingi yenkampani ezindaweni zokudlela ezingaphezu kuka-30,000 kanye nezitolo zegrosa eziyi-15,000 emhlabeni jikelele.

Ngaleso sikhathi, onjiniyela be-KnipBio abasafufusa badla i-microbe etholakala emaqabunga. Bahlela i-genome yayo ukuze bakhulise i-carotenoid ebalulekile empilweni yezinhlanzi futhi basebenzise ukuvutshelwa ukuze bakhuthaze ukukhula kwayo. Amagciwane abe esechayeka ekushiseni okwedlulele isikhashana, omisiwe, futhi agaywe. Eminye imiklamo yezolimo ihlanganisa ukuhlanganisa izinto eziphilayo ezikhiqiza amafutha amaningi emifino nezihlahla zamantongomane ezingatshalwa endlini kusetshenziswa amanzi amancane kakhulu kunalokho ngokuvamile adingekayo kuyilapho zikhiqiza amantongomane aphindwe kabili.

Futhi ngo-2022, inkampani yase-US ye-biotech i-Pivot Bio yenza umanyolo we-nitrogen wokwenziwa wommbila. Lo mkhiqizo ubhekana nenkinga yokusebenzisa i-nitrogen ekhiqizwa ezimbonini edla amaphesenti angu-1-2 wamandla omhlaba. Amagciwane alungisa i-nitrogen emoyeni angasebenza njengomanyolo we-biological, kodwa awakwazi ukusebenza ngezitshalo zokusanhlamvu (ummbila, ukolweni, irayisi). Njengesixazululo, i-Pivot Bio iguqule ngokofuzo ibhaktheriya elilungisa i-nitrogen elihlotshaniswa kakhulu nezimpande zombila.

Imithelela yokusebenzisa i-synthetic biology ekukhiqizeni ukudla

Imithelela ebanzi yokusebenzisa i-synthetic biology ekukhiqizeni ukudla ingase ihlanganise: 

• Ukulima kwezimboni kusuka emfuyweni kuya kumaphrotheni enziwe elebhu nezakhamzimba.
• Abathengi abaningi abanokuziphatha okuhle nabatshalizimali bafuna inguquko ekulimeni okusimeme nokukhiqizwa kokudla.
• Ohulumeni bagqugquzela abalimi ukuthi baqhubeke nokusimama ngokunikela ngemixhaso, izinto zokusebenza kanye nezinsiza. 
• Abalawuli abakha amahhovisi amasha okuhlola kanye nezikhulu eziqashayo ezibhekelele izindawo zokukhiqiza ukudla zokwenziwa.
• Abakhiqizi bokudla batshala imali eningi ezintweni ezenziwe ilebhu zokufaka umanyolo, inyama, imikhiqizo yobisi, noshukela.
• Abacwaningi baqhubeka bethola imisoco emisha yokudla futhi bakhe izici ezingase zithathe indawo yezolimo nezindawo zokudoba ezivamile.
• Ikusasa likhiqiza ukuchayeka ekudleni okusha nezigaba zokudla okwenziwe kwaba nokwenzeka ngamasu okwenziwa kokwenziwa, okuholela ekuqhumeni kwezindlela zokupheka ezintsha, izindawo zokudlela eziwuchungechunge.

Imibuzo okufanele icatshangelwe

• Yiziphi izingozi ezingaba khona ze-synthetic biology?
• Ucabanga ukuthi i-synthetic biology ingashintsha kanjani indlela abantu abadla ngayo ukudla?