Amadigri azoba mahhala kodwa azofaka usuku lokuphelelwa yisikhathi: Ikusasa lemfundo P2

Iziqu zasekolishi zibuyela emuva ekhulwini le-13 leminyaka ephakathi laseYurophu. Khona-ke, njengamanje, idigri yasebenza njengohlobo lokulinganiswa kwendawo yonke imiphakathi eyayilubonisa lapho umuntu efinyelela izinga lokuphatha phezu kwesihloko noma ikhono elithile. Kodwa njengoba ingaphelelwa isikhathi njengoba idigri ingase izwakale, ekugcineni isiqala ukukhombisa iminyaka yayo.

Amathrendi akha umhlaba wesimanje manje aqala ukubekela inselele ukuba wusizo kanye nenani ledigri esikhathini esizayo. Ngenhlanhla, izinguquko ezichazwe ngezansi zithemba ukuthi zizodonsela iziqu emhlabeni wedijithali futhi ziphefumule impilo entsha ethuluzini elichazayo lesistimu yethu yezemfundo.

Izinselelo zesimanje eziklinya uhlelo lwezemfundo

Abafundi abaphothule esikoleni samabanga aphezulu bangena ohlelweni lwemfundo ephakeme oluhlulekayo ukufeza izithembiso olwazenza ezizukulwaneni ezedlule. Ikakhulukazi, uhlelo lwanamuhla lwemfundo ephakeme ludonsa kanzima ngendlela yokubhekana nalobu buthakathaka obubalulekile: 

• Abafundi badinga ukukhokha izindleko ezinkulu noma ukungena ezikweletini ezinkulu (ngokuvamile zombili) ukuze bakwazi ukukhokhela amadigri abo;
• Abafundi abaningi bayayeka ngaphambi kokuqeda iziqu zabo ngenxa yezinkinga zokukwazi ukuzikhokhela noma inethiwekhi yosekelo elinganiselwe;
• Ukuthola iziqu zasenyuvesi noma zasekolishi akusaqinisekisi umsebenzi ngemva kokuthweswa iziqu ngenxa yokuncipha kwezidingo zabasebenzi zomkhakha ozimele onikwe amandla ezobuchwepheshe;
• Inani leziqu liyehla njengoba amanani aphezulu njalo abafundi basenyuvesi noma basekolishi bengena emakethe yezabasebenzi;
• Ulwazi namakhono afundiswa ezikoleni aphelelwa yisikhathi ngokushesha ngemva (futhi kwezinye izimo ngaphambi) kokuthweswa iziqu.

Lezi zinselelo azintsha ngempela, kodwa ziyaqina zombili ngenxa yejubane loshintsho elethwa ubuchwepheshe, kanye nenqwaba yamathrendi ashiwo esahlukweni esandulele. Ngenhlanhla, lesi simo asikho isidingo sokuhlala unomphela; empeleni, uguquko seluqalile. 

Ukuhudula izindleko zemfundo ziye ku-zero

Imfundo yamahhala yangemva kwesekondari akudingekile nje ukuba ibe yinto engokoqobo kubafundi baseNtshonalanga Yurophu naseBrazil; kufanele kube yinto engokoqobo kubo bonke abafundi, yonke indawo. Ukufeza lo mgomo kuzobandakanya ukuguqula okulindelwe umphakathi mayelana nezindleko zemfundo ephakeme, ukuhlanganisa ubuchwepheshe besimanje ekilasini, kanye nentando yezombangazwe. 

Iqiniso elingemuva kokushaqeka kwesitika sezemfundo. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izindleko zokuphila, abazali base-US baye babona izindleko zokufundisa izingane zabo ukwanda kusuka ku-2% ngo-1960 kuya ku-18% ngo-2013. Futhi ngokusho kwe Izikhundla ze-Times Higher Education's World University, i-US iyizwe elibiza kakhulu ukuba umfundi.

Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi ukutshalwa kwezimali emiholweni yothisha, ubuchwepheshe obusha, kanye nezindleko zokuphatha ezikhuphukayo kuyimbangela yamanani okufunda amabhaluni. Kodwa ngemuva kwezihloko, ingabe lezi zindleko zingokoqobo noma zikhuphukile?

Eqinisweni, kubafundi abaningi base-US, ingqikithi yenani lentengo yemfundo ephakeme ayishintshile emashumini ambalwa eminyaka adlule, ilungisa ukwehla kwamandla emali. Intengo yesitikha, nokho, iqhumile. Ngokusobala, yintengo yokugcina wonke umuntu agxile kuyo. Kodwa uma inani lentengo liphansi kakhulu, kungani uzihlupha ngokubhala amanani esitika nhlobo?

Kuchaza ngobuhlakani I-podcast ye-NPR, izikole zikhangisa inani lesitika ngoba ziqhudelana nezinye izikole ukuze zihehe abafundi abangcono kakhulu ngangokunokwenzeka, kanye nengxube yabafundi engcono kakhulu (okungukuthi abafundi bobulili obuhlukene, izinhlanga, ubuzwe, umholo, imvelaphi yendawo, njll.). Cabanga ngalokhu ngale ndlela: Ngokuphromotha inani eliphezulu lezitikha, izikole zinganikeza imifundaze yesaphulelo ngokuya ngesidingo noma ukufaneleka kokuheha inqwaba yabafundi ukuthi baye esikoleni sabo. 

Kuyinto yokuthengisa yakudala. Phromotha umkhiqizo ongu-$40 njengomkhiqizo obizayo ka-$100, ukuze abantu bacabange ukuthi unenani, bese unikeza isaphulelo samaphesenti angu-60 ukuze ubahehe ukuthi bathenge umkhiqizo—engeza oziro abathathu kulezo zinombolo futhi manje usunomuzwa wokuthi izifundo zinjani manje. adayiselwa abafundi nabazali babo. Amanani emfundo ephakeme enza inyuvesi izizwe ikhethekile, kuyilapho izaphulelo ezinkulu ezinikezayo azenzi nje abafundi bazizwe bengakwazi ukuya, kodwa zikhethekile futhi zijabule ngokuthandwa yilesi sikhungo 'esikhethekile'.

Kunjalo, lezi zaphulelo azisebenzi kubafundi abavela emindenini ehola kakhulu, kodwa kubafundi abaningi base-US, izindleko zangempela zemfundo ziphansi kakhulu kunalokho okukhangisiwe. Futhi nakuba i-US ingase ibe ingcweti kakhulu ekusebenziseni leli su lokumaketha, yazi ukuthi livame ukusetshenziswa kuyo yonke imakethe yemfundo yamazwe ngamazwe.

Ubuchwepheshe behlisa izindleko zemfundo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi amadivayisi angokoqobo okwenza ikilasi nemfundo yasekhaya ihlanganyele kakhulu, abasizi bokufundisa abanikwe amandla yi-artificial intelligence (AI) noma isofthiwe ethuthukisiwe eyenza ngokuzenzakalelayo izici zokuphatha zemfundo, ukuthuthukiswa kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nesofthiwe okuvela ohlelweni lwezemfundo ngeke nje kuthuthukise ukufinyelela futhi izinga lemfundo kodwa futhi yehlise izindleko zayo kakhulu. Sizohlola lezi zindlela ezintsha ngokuqhubekayo ezahlukweni ezilandelayo zalolu chungechunge. 

Ipolitiki ngemuva kwemfundo yamahhala. Uma uthatha umbono omude ngemfundo, uzobona ukuthi ngesinye isikhathi izikole eziphakeme zazikhokhisa imali yokufunda. Kodwa ekugcineni, uma une-diploma yesikole samabanga aphezulu kwaba yisidingo sokuphumelela emakethe yezabasebenzi futhi lapho iphesenti labantu ababenediploma yesikole samabanga aphezulu selifinyelele izinga elithile, uhulumeni wenza isinqumo sokubheka idiploma yesikole esiphakeme njengenkonzo futhi. wakwenza mahhala.

Lezi zimo ezifanayo ziyavela ngeziqu zeziqu zasenyuvesi. Kusukela ngo-2016, iziqu ze-bachelor seziphenduke idiploma entsha yesikole samabanga aphezulu emehlweni abaphathi abaqashayo, abaqhubeka bebona idigri njengesisekelo okufanele baqashelwe ngokumelene nabo. Ngokunjalo, iphesenti lemakethe yezabasebenzi manje esenezinga elithile lifinyelela eqophelweni elibucayi kangangokuthi lingakaze libhekwe njengomehluko phakathi kwabafake izicelo.

Ngenxa yalezi zizathu, ngeke kuthathe isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokuthi imboni kahulumeni nezimele iqale ukubuka iziqu zasenyuvesi noma zasekolishi njengesidingo, okwenza ohulumeni babo bacabange kabusha ukuthi baxhasa kanjani imali ephezulu. Lokhu kungabandakanya: 

• Amazinga okufunda okugunyaza. Iningi lohulumeni bezifundazwe selivele linamandla okulawula ukuthi zingaki izikole ezingakhuphula amanani azo okufunda. Ukushaya umthetho wokumiswa kwezifundo, kanye nokumpompa imali entsha yomphakathi ukuze kwandiswe imifundaze, cishe kuzoba yindlela yokuqala ohulumeni abayisebenzisayo ukwenza i-ed ephakeme ifinyeleleke kakhudlwana.
• Intethelelo yemalimboleko. E-US, isamba sesikweletu semalimboleko yabafundi singaphezu kuka-$1.2 trillion, ngaphezu kwekhadi lesikweletu nemali mboleko yezimoto, okwesibili ngemuva kwesikweletu sendlu. Uma umnotho uthatha isinyathelo esibucayi, kungenzeka ukuthi ohulumeni bangase bandise izinhlelo zabo zokuthethelela imali mboleko yabafundi ukuze banciphise umthwalo wezikweletu weminyaka eyinkulungwane kanye nekhulunyaka ukuze basize ukukhulisa ukusetshenziswa kwemali kwabathengi.
• Izikimu zokukhokha. Kohulumeni abafuna ukuxhasa ngezimali izinhlelo zabo zemfundo ephakeme, kodwa abangakakulungeli ukuluma okwamanje, izinhlelo zoxhaso lwengxenye seziqala ukuvela. I-Tennessee ihlongoza ukufundiswa kwamahhala iminyaka emibili yesikole sobuchwepheshe noma ikolishi lomphakathi ngokusebenzisa kwayo Tennessee Promise uhlelo. Khonamanjalo, e-Oregon, uhulumeni uhlongoza a Khokha It Phambili Uhlelo lapho abafundi bafunda ngaphambili kodwa bevuma ukukhokha iphesenti lomholo wabo wesikhathi esizayo ngenani elilinganiselwe leminyaka ukuze bakhokhele isizukulwane esilandelayo sabafundi.
• Imfundo yamahhala yomphakathi. Ekugcineni, ohulumeni bazophokophela phambili futhi baxhase abafundi ngemali yokufunda ephelele, njenge-Ontario, Canada, kumenyezelwe ngoMashi 2016. Lapho, uhulumeni manje ukhokhela izifundo ezigcwele zabafundi abavela ezindlini ezenza imali engaphansi kwama- $ 50,000 ngonyaka, futhi uzophinde akhokhele izifundo okungenani ingxenye yalabo abaphuma emakhaya enza imali engaphansi kwama- $83,000. Njengoba lolu hlelo luvuthwa, sekusele isikhathi ukuthi uhulumeni akhokhele izifundo zamanyuvesi zikahulumeni kulo lonke uhlobo lwemali engenayo.

Ngasekupheleni kwawo-2030, ohulumeni kuwo wonke amazwe athuthukile bazoqala ukwenza izifundo eziphakeme zamahhala kubo bonke. Lokhu kuthuthukiswa kuzokwehlisa kakhulu izindleko ze-ed ephakeme, amanani aphansi abashiya phansi, futhi kunciphise ukungalingani komphakathi jikelele ngokwenza ngcono ukufinyelela emfundweni. Nokho, ukufundiswa kwamahhala akwanele ukulungisa uhlelo lwethu lwemfundo.

Ukwenza amadigri abe okwesikhashana ukuze kukhuliswe imali yawo

Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, idigri yethulwa njengethuluzi lokuqinisekisa ubungcweti bomuntu ngokusebenzisa isitifiketi esinikezwe umuntu wesithathu ohlonishwayo nosungulwe. Leli thuluzi livumele abaqashi ukuthi bathembele ekhonweni labaqashi babo abasha ngokuthembela esithunzini sesikhungo esiqeqeshelwe ukuqashwa. Ukusebenziseka kweziqu yisizathu sokuthi idonse cishe inkulungwane yeminyaka kakade.

Nokho, idigri yakudala yayingaklanyelwe ukubhekana nezinselele ebhekene nazo namuhla. Yayiklanyelwe ukuba ikhetheke futhi iqinisekise imfundo yezinhlobo ezizinzile zolwazi namakhono. Esikhundleni salokho, ukutholakala kwazo okunwebekayo kuholele ekwehleni kwenani lazo phakathi kwemakethe yezemisebenzi eya ngokuya iqhudelana, kanti isivinini esisheshayo sobuchwepheshe seluphelelwe yisikhathi ulwazi namakhono atholwe kusukela ku-ed ephakeme ngemuva nje kokuthweswa iziqu. 

Isimo esikhona asikwazi ukuhlala isikhathi eside. Futhi yingakho ingxenye yempendulo yalezi zinselelo ilele ekuchazeni kabusha iziqu zeziphathimandla ezinikeza umuntu onazo kanye nezethembiso ezethula embonini kahulumeni nezizimele ngobubanzi. 

Inketho abanye ochwepheshe abayimelayo ukubeka usuku lokuphelelwa yisikhathi kumadigri. Ngokuyisisekelo, lokhu kusho ukuthi iziqu ngeke zisasebenza ngemuva kwenani elimisiwe leminyaka ngaphandle kokuba umnikazi weziqu abambe iqhaza enanini elimisiwe lama-workshops, amasemina, amakilasi, kanye nezivivinyo zokuqinisekisa ukuthi bagcine izinga elithile lokuphatha emkhakheni wabo wokufunda. ukufunda nokuthi ulwazi lwabo lwalowo mkhakha lukhona manje. 

Lolu hlelo lweziqu ezisekelwe ekuphelelweni yisikhathi lunezinzuzo eziningi kunohlelo olukhona lweziqu zakudala. Ngokwesibonelo: 

• Esimeni lapho uhlelo lweziqu ezisekelwe ekuphelelweni yisikhathi lushaywa ngokomthetho ngaphambi high ed iba mahhala kubo bonke, khona-ke izonciphisa kakhulu izindleko ezingaphambili zamadigri. Kulesi simo, amanyuvesi namakolishi angakhokhisa imali encishisiwe yeziqu bese enza izindleko phakathi nenqubo yokugunyazwa kabusha abantu kuyodingeka babambe iqhaza njalo ngemva kweminyaka embalwa. Lokhu kuguqula imfundo ibe yibhizinisi elisekelwe ekubhaliseni. 
• Abanikazi beziqu eziqinisekisayo bazophoqa izikhungo zemfundo ukuthi zisebenzelane eduze nemboni ezimele kanye nezinhlangano ezigunyazwe uhulumeni ukuze zibuyekeze izinhlelo zazo zokufunda ukuze zifundise kangcono izinto ezingokoqobo ezithengiswayo.
• Kulabo abaneziqu, uma benquma ukwenza ushintsho lomsebenzi, bangakwazi kangcono ukufunda iziqu ezintsha njengoba bengeke bathwaliswe isikweletu semfundo seziqu zabo zangaphambilini. Ngokunjalo, uma bengahlatshwa umxhwele ulwazi noma amakhono noma isithunzi sesikole esithile, bangakwazi kalula ukushintsha izikole.
• Lolu hlelo futhi luqinisekisa ukuthi amakhono abantu avuselelwa njalo ukuze ahlangabezane nokulindelwe yimakethe yezemisebenzi yesimanje. (Qaphela ukuthi abanikazi beziqu bangakhetha ukuphinda baziqinisekise minyaka yonke, esikhundleni sokuthi kube phakathi nonyaka ngaphambi kokuphelelwa yisikhathi kweziqu zabo.)
• Ukwengeza usuku lokugunyazwa kweziqu kanye nosuku lokuthweswa iziqu ku-CV yakho kuzoba umehluko ongeziwe ongasiza abafuna umsebenzi bavelele emakethe yemisebenzi.
• Kubaqashi, bangenza izinqumo eziphephile zokuqasha ngokuhlola ukuthi lukhona kangakanani ulwazi namakhono alabo abafake izicelo.
• Izindleko ezilinganiselwe zokuqinisekisa kabusha idigri zingaphinda zibe isici abaqashi bakusasa abasikhokhela njengenzuzo yokuqashwa ukuze bahehe abasebenzi abaqeqeshiwe.
• Kuhulumeni, lokhu kuzokwehlisa kancane kancane izindleko zomphakathi zemfundo njengoba amanyuvesi namakolishi ezoqhudelana ngamandla ebhizinisini lokunikeza kabusha izitifiketi, kokubili ngokwandisa ukutshalwa kwezimali kubuchwepheshe bokufundisa obusha, obuyonga izindleko kanye nokubambisana nezinkampani ezizimele.
• Ngaphezu kwalokho, umnotho ohlanganisa abasebenzi kazwelonke abanezinga lakamuva lemfundo ekugcineni uzodlula umnotho okuqeqeshwa kwabasebenzi kusemuva kwezikhathi.
• Futhi ekugcineni, ezingeni lomphakathi, lolu hlelo lokuphelelwa yisikhathi kweziqu luzodala isiko elibheka ukufunda impilo yonke njengenani elidingekayo ukuze ube yilungu lomphakathi elinikelayo.

Izinhlobo ezifanayo zokugunyazwa kabusha kweziqu sezivele zivamile emisebenzini ethile, njengomthetho nokubalwa kwezimali, futhi sezivele ziyiqiniso eliyinselele kubantu bokufika abafuna ukuthola iziqu zabo ezweni elisha. Kodwa uma lo mbono uzuza amandla ngasekupheleni kwawo-2020, imfundo izongena ngokushesha enkathini entsha.

Ukuguqula iziqinisekiso ukuze uqhudelane neziqu ze-classical

Amadigri aphelelwa yisikhathi eceleni, awukwazi ukukhuluma ngokusungulwa kweziqu nezitifiketi ngaphandle kokuxoxa ngeMassive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) eletha imfundo kubantu abaningi. 

Ama-MOOC yizifundo ezilethwa ngokwengxenye noma ngokuphelele ku-inthanethi. Kusukela ekuqaleni kwawo-2010, izinkampani ezifana ne-Coursera kanye ne-Udacity zihlanganyele nenqwaba yamanyuvesi ahlonishwayo ukushicilela amakhulukhulu ezifundo nezinkulungwane zamahora amasemina aqoshiwe ku-inthanethi ukuze uquqaba bathole ukufinyelela emfundweni kwabanye bothisha abahamba phambili emhlabeni. Lezi zifundo eziku-inthanethi, amathuluzi okusekela eziza nawo, kanye nokulandela umkhondo wenqubekelaphambili (analytics) okufakwe kuzo, kuyindlela entsha yangempela yokuthuthukisa imfundo futhi kuzothuthuka kuphela kanye nobuchwepheshe obunikeza amandla.

Kepha kuwo wonke ama-hype okuqala ngemuva kwabo, la ma-MOOC agcina eveze isithende sawo esisodwa se-Achilles. Ngo-2014, abezindaba babika ukuthi ukusebenzelana nama-MOOC, phakathi kwabafundi, kwase kuqalile shiya phansi. Kungani? Ngoba ngaphandle kwalezi zifundo eziku-inthanethi eziholela kuziqu zangempela noma ukuqinisekiswa—okuqashelwa uhulumeni, uhlelo lwezemfundo kanye nabaqashi bakusasa—isikhuthazo sokuziqeda sasingekho. Masikhulume iqiniso lapha: Abafundi bakhokhela iziqu kakhulu kunemfundo.

Ngenhlanhla, lo mkhawulo uqala ukulungiswa kancane kancane. Izikhungo zemfundo eziningi ekuqaleni zathatha indlela esheshayo kuma-MOOC, ezinye zixhumana nawo ukuze zihlole imfundo ye-inthanethi, kanti ezinye zaziwabona njengosongo ebhizinisini lawo lokuphrinta iziqu. Kodwa eminyakeni yamuva nje, amanye amanyuvesi aseqalile ukuhlanganisa ama-MOOC ohlelweni lwezifundo zawo mathupha; isibonelo, ngaphezu kwesigamu sabafundi be-MIT kudingeka ukuthi bathathe i-MOOC njengengxenye yezifundo zabo.

Kungenjalo, umfelandawonye wezinkampani ezizimele ezinkulu nezikhungo zemfundo seziqala ukuhlangana ukuze zinqamule ukuzimela kwamakolishi ngamadigri ngokwakha uhlobo olusha lokuqinisekisa. Lokhu kubandakanya ukwakhiwa kwemininingwane yedijithali njenge-Mozilla amabheji aku-inthanethi, I-Coursera's izitifiketi zezifundo, kanye ne-Udacity's I-Nanodegree.

Lezi zifakazo ezihlukile zivame ukusekelwa izinkampani ze-Fortune 500, ngokubambisana namanyuvesi aku-inthanethi. Inzuzo yale ndlela ukuthi isitifiketi esizuziwe sifundisa amakhono angempela abaqashi abawafunayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zitifiketi zedijithali zibonisa ulwazi oluthile, amakhono kanye nolwazi umuntu othweswe iziqu aluthola esifundweni, osekelwa izixhumanisi zobufakazi be-elekthronikhi bokuthi ziklonyeliswe kanjani, nini, futhi kungani.

Sekukonke, imfundo yamahhala noma ecishe ibe mahhala, amadigri anezinsuku zokuphelelwa yisikhathi, kanye nokuqashelwa okubanzi kwamadigri aku-inthanethi kuzoba nomthelela omkhulu futhi omuhle ekufinyelelekeni, ukwanda, ukubaluleka kanye nokusebenza kwemfundo ephakeme. Sesikushilo lokho, akukho kulokhu okuqanjwa kabusha okuzofeza amandla ako aphelele ngaphandle kokuthi siguqule indlela yethu yokufundisa—kalula, lesi isihloko esizosihlola esahlukweni esilandelayo sigxile ekusaseni lokufundisa.

Ikusasa lochungechunge lwezemfundo

Izinkambiso eziphusha uhlelo lwethu lwezemfundo lubheke ekushintsheni okukhulu: Ikusasa Lezemfundo P1

Ikusasa Lokufundisa: Ikusasa Lemfundo P3

I-Real vs. digital ezikoleni ezixubile zakusasa: Ikusasa lezemfundo P4