Ubuzwe be-Silicon: Ama-Semiconductor chips asetafuleni lezepolitiki

• About the Author:
• Igama lomlobi

  I-Quantumrun Foresight
• April 2, 2024

Isifinyezo sokuqonda

Njengoba amazwe elwela ukukhulisa izimboni zawo ze-semiconductor, ahlose ukuvikela ikusasa lawo lobuchwepheshe kanye nokuzimela kwezomnotho. Lo mnyakazo, oqhutshwa isidingo sokunciphisa ubungozi bochungechungeni lokuhlinzekwa kwempahla emhlabeni wonke kanye nokugomela ubuholi bezobuchwepheshe, uholele amazwe ukuthi azibophezele izigidigidi ekukhiqizeni nasekusungulweni kwe-semiconductor. Umgomo omkhulu uwukuthuthukisa ukuphepha kwezwe, ukukhuthaza ukudalwa kwamathuba emisebenzi, kanye nokubhekana nobunzima bobudlelwano bamazwe ngamazwe kanye nokuncintisana kwezimakethe naphezu kokushuba kwesimo sezwe.

Umongo we-Silicon nationalism

I-Silicon nationalism iphawula i-pivot yamasu yezizwe yokuqinisa izimboni zabo ze-semiconductor, ibona indima ebalulekile edlalwa yilezi zingxenye kubuchwepheshe besimanje, ukuphepha kwezwe, kanye nokuncintisana kwezomnotho. Isibonelo, i-EU kanye ne-US bahlose ukukhulisa amandla abo okukhiqiza ama-semiconductor kanye nobuholi bezobuchwepheshe, kuyilapho i-Japan ifuna ukuvuselela imboni yayo yokukhiqiza i-semiconductor eyake yaba namandla. Ukuzibophezela kwe-EU, ngomthetho wayo we-European Chips Act, kuhlanganisa ukuhlanganisa ama-USD ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-46.5 ukuze kuphindwe kabili isabelo sayo semakethe yomhlaba wonke sibe ngamaphesenti angama-20 ngo-2030, kubhekwane nokushoda kwakamuva okudalule ubuthakathaka bezinketho zokuhlinzekwa kwempahla emhlabeni jikelele.

E-US, i-Creating Helpful Incentives to Produce Semiconductors (CHIPS) and Science Act imele ukuzibophezela okubalulekile kwezezimali kwezigidigidi ezingama-52.7 zamaRandi ukuze kuqiniswe ukukhiqizwa kwama-chip asekhaya, okuhloswe ngawo ukubuyisela ukwehla kwesabelo sokukhiqiza emhlabeni wonke esingamaphesenti angama-37 ngeminyaka yawo-1990 siye kumaphesenti ayi-12 kuphela. ngo-2023. Khonamanjalo, indlela yase-Japan ngoMthetho Wokukhuthaza Ukuvikeleka Komnotho ibandakanya uhlaka olunentshisekelo lwezimali zikahulumeni nezizimele, nokutshalwa kwezimali okuhlosiwe kwe-USD $66.5 trillion phakathi neminyaka eyishumi. Lesi sinyathelo siyingxenye yesu elibanzi lase-Japan lokubuyisela ubuholi bemboni ye-semiconductor. Kugcizelelwa ukwamukela ukutshalwa kwezimali kwe-TSMC okuzinze e-Taiwan ezweni, okubonisa umzamo omkhulu wokwehlukanisa umhlaba wokukhiqiza ama-semiconductor.

Le mizamo ebumbene ikhombisa ukuqashelwa okubanzi kokubaluleka kwesu lama-semiconductors, eqhutshwa umbango okhulayo we-US-China phezu kwempahla yengqondo ye-semiconductor namandla okukhiqiza. Ukushuba kwesimo sezwe kuye kwaholela ekujezisweni nasezinyathelweni zokuphikisa, okugqamisa indima yemboni ye-semiconductor njengendawo yempi yokuphakama kwezobuchwepheshe nezomnotho. Isu lezwe ngalinye, kungaba ngokutshalwa kwezimali okuqondile, isenzo somthetho, noma ubambiswano lwamazwe ngamazwe, lubonisa ukushintshela ekwanelisekeni kwe-semiconductor njengesisekelo sokuphepha kwezwe kanye nenqubomgomo yezomnotho. 

Umthelela ophazamisayo

Ukushintshela ekuzineliseni kuzwelonke ekukhiqizeni ama-semiconductor cishe kuzoshukumisa kakhulu umnotho wendawo kanye nezimakethe zemisebenzi. Amazwe atshala imali eningi ekukhiqizeni ama-semiconductor asekhaya azodala amathuba amaningi omsebenzi, kusukela ezikhundleni zobunjiniyela zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu kuya ezindimeni zochungechunge lwezifunda kanye nezimboni zesevisi. Kodwa-ke, ukugxila ekukhiqizweni kwasekhaya kungase kuholele ezindlekweni eziphakeme ngenxa yokutshalwa kwezimali kokuqala okudingekayo kanye nezindleko zokusebenza ezingase zibe phezulu kunezindawo zokukhiqiza ezimisiwe, ezingadluliselwa kubathengi njengezimpahla zikagesi ezibiza kakhulu.

Izinhlangano zingazuza kumaketanga okuhlinzeka ezinzile kanye nengozi encishisiwe yokuphazamiseka, obekuyinkinga enkulu eminyakeni yamuva nje. Lokhu kuzinza kungaholela ekuhleleni okubikezelwayo kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali emisha, okuvumela izinkampani ukuthi zigxile ekuthuthukiseni imikhiqizo emisha namasevisi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amabhizinisi angase abhekane nokukhuphuka kwezindleko zokukhiqiza kanye nesidingo sokuzulazula kuwebhu eyinkimbinkimbi yemithetho kazwelonke kanye nezinzuzo, okungase kube nzima ukusebenza komhlaba kanye nomthelela ekwenzeni inzuzo.

Ohulumeni bazodlala indima ebalulekile ekulolongeni isimo sesikhathi esizayo semboni ye-semiconductor ngokusebenzisa izinqubomgomo zabo nezivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe. Ngokugqugquzela indawo ekahle yokukhiqiza i-semiconductor, abakwazi nje ukuvikela ingqalasizinda yabo yezobuchwepheshe kodwa futhi bazibeke njengababambiqhaza ababalulekile emnothweni womhlaba. Kodwa-ke, ukucindezela kokuzimela kwe-semiconductor kungase kwandise ukungezwani kanye nezithiyo zohwebo njengoba amazwe eqhudelana ngokubusa kulo mkhakha obalulekile. 

Imithelela yobuzwe be-silicon

Imithelela ebanzi yobuzwe be-silicon ingabandakanya: 

• Ukuncintisana okuthuthukisiwe komhlaba wonke kwezinkampani zasekhaya ngamaketanga okuhlinzeka nge-semiconductor athembekile, okuholela ekwandeni kwamasheya emakethe kanye nemali engenayo.
• Ohulumeni bamukela izinqubomgomo zokuvikela izinto ze-semiconductor, okungase kuholele ekungezwani kwezepolitiki ngokufinyelela izinsiza ezibalulekile.
• Ushintsho olubheke kubuchwepheshe be-semiconductor bonga amandla, obunomthelela ekwehlisweni kokukhishwa kwekhabhoni kanye nenqubekelaphambili ekufezeni imigomo yokusimamisa imvelo.
• Ukunwetshwa kwezindawo zokukhiqiza ama-semiconductor okuholela ekushintsheni kwabantu, lapho abantu beya ezindaweni ezinezimboni zobuchwepheshe ezikhulayo.
• Ukugxila okwengeziwe ku-semiconductor R&D esheshisa intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe ekunakekelweni kwezempilo, ezokuthutha, kanye nokuxhumana.
• Ukusebenzisana kwamazwe ngamazwe ocwaningweni nasekuthuthukisweni kwe-semiconductor kuvame kakhulu, okukhuthaza ukushintshana kolwazi oluwela imingcele kanye nokusungula izinto ezintsha.
• Ukukhathazeka okungaba khona kwezemvelo okuhlobene nokukhiqizwa kwe-semiconductor, njengokusetshenziswa kwamanzi kanye nokulahlwa kwamakhemikhali, okudala imithetho eqinile yezemvelo.

Imibuzo okufanele icatshangelwe

• Ingabe ukwanda kokukhiqizwa kwe-semiconductor ezweni lakini kuzoba nomthelela kanjani ekutholakaleni nasezindlekweni zemikhiqizo yansuku zonke yobuchwepheshe njengama-smartphone namakhompyutha?
• Umphakathi wangakini ungalungiselela kanjani amathuba emisebenzi adalwe imboni ekhulayo yama-semiconductor?