Intela yekhabhoni emazweni asathuthuka: Ngabe amazwe asathuthuka angakwazi ukukhokhela ukukhishwa kwawo?

• About the Author:
• Igama lomlobi

  I-Quantumrun Foresight
• November 27, 2023

Isifinyezo sokuqonda

I-European Union's Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) ihlose ukulinganisa indawo yokudlala yokukhishwa kwekhabhoni kodwa ingajezisa amazwe asathuthuka ngokungaqondile angenayo indlela yokukhipha ikhabhoni ngokushesha. Njengoba amazwe athuthukile ngokunokwenzeka ezuza amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-2.5 emalini eyengeziwe emalini yentela yekhabhoni, amazwe asathuthuka angase alahlekelwe ngamaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-5.9, abeke inselele isikhundla sawo kwezomnotho nezimakethe. Lo mehluko ubekela inselele umgomo wokuhlukaniswa kwezibopho ezenzweni zesimo sezulu, okuphakamisa isidingo samasu alungiselelwe aqaphela amakhono namazinga entuthuko ahlukahlukene. Imiphumela ebanzi yezomnotho ezisathuthuka ingase ihlanganise ukuncipha kwezimboni, ukulahleka kwemisebenzi, kanye nokuphokophela ekusebenzisaneni kwesifunda ukuze kukhululwe, okuhambisana nokutheleka okungaba khona kokusekelwa kwamanye amazwe kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali kubuchwepheshe obuluhlaza.

Intela yekhabhoni kumongo wamazwe asathuthuka

NgoJulayi 2021, i-European Union (EU) yakhipha isu eliphelele lokusheshisa ukuncishiswa kokukhishwa kwekhabhoni. I-Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) iwumzamo wokulinganisa amanani wokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni kuso sonke isifunda kungakhathaliseki ukuthi imikhiqizo yenziwa kuphi ngokubeka izintela zemingcele. Umthetho ohlongozwayo kuqala uhlanganisa usimende, insimbi nensimbi, i-aluminium, umanyolo nogesi. Nakuba kubonakala kuwumqondo omuhle ezinkampanini zentela kunoma yikuphi ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni okunikelwe izinqubo zazo zokukhiqiza nokusebenza, akuyona yonke iminotho engakwazi ukuthwala umthwalo onjalo.

Ngokuvamile, amazwe asathuthuka awanabo ubuchwepheshe noma ulwazi lokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwamagesi abamba ukushisa. Bazolahlekelwa kakhulu ngoba izinkampani eziphuma kulezi zindawo kuzodingeka ziphume emakethe yaseYurophu njengoba zingakwazi ukuhambisana nemithetho yentela yekhabhoni. Abanye ochwepheshe bacabanga ukuthi amazwe asathuthuka ezomnotho angathumela incwadi yezikhalazo ku-World Trade Organization (WTO) ukuze zithole ukukhululwa okuthile nokuvikelwa kule ntela. Abanye baphakamisa ukuthi izinhlangano zesifunda ezifana ne-Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) kanye ne-Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) zingasebenza ndawonye ukuze zabelane ngezindleko zokuphatha futhi zixoxisane ngemali yentela yekhabhoni ukuze iye ezimbonini zasendaweni esikhundleni seziphathimandla zangaphandle.

Umthelela ophazamisayo

Iyini imiphumela yentela yekhabhoni emazweni asathuthuka? Inhlangano yezohwebo ye-UN i-United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) ilinganisela ukuthi nge-USD $44 ngethani lentela yekhabhoni, amazwe athuthukile azoba nemali eyengeziwe ebiza u-USD $2.5 billion kuyilapho amazwe asathuthukayo ezolahlekelwa yi-USD $5.9 billion. Iminotho ethuthukayo e-Asia nase-Afrika inamandla amancane okwenza ukwehlisa ukukhishwa kwegesi ebizayo. Futhi bavame ukuchayeka kakhulu ezingozini zesimo sezulu, okusho ukuthi bazozuza okwengeziwe emizamweni yokunciphisa ukungcola esikhathini eside. Kodwa-ke, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, bangase babe nesikhuthazo esincane sokuthobela izinyathelo ezingaba nomthelela omkhulu emnothweni wabo. Esinye isizathu sokumelana nokuthi amazwe asathuthuka angalahlekelwa isabelo semakethe kwezomnotho ezithuthukile njengoba intela yekhabhoni ingenza izimpahla ezivela emazweni asathuthuka zibize kakhulu. 

Lokhu kungalingani akuhambisani nesimiso sesibopho esivamile kodwa esihlukene kanye namakhono afanele (CBDR-RC). Lolu hlaka luthi amazwe asethuthukile kufanele ahole ekubhekaneni nokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu, uma kubhekwa igalelo lawo elikhulu kulolu daba, kanye nobuchwepheshe bawo obusezingeni eliphezulu ukubhekana nakho. Ekugcineni, noma iyiphi intela yekhabhoni ebekiwe kufanele icabangele amazinga ahlukene entuthuko namandla phakathi kwamazwe athuthukile nasathuthuka. Indlela yokulinganisa eyodwa angeke iphumelele ekufakeni wonke amazwe emkhunjini ngokunciphisa ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu.

Imithelela ebanzi yentela yekhabhoni emazweni asathuthuka

Imithelela engaba khona yentela yekhabhoni emazweni asathuthuka ingabandakanya: 

• Izinkampani ezikhiqizayo nezokwakha ezivela kwezomnotho ezisathuthuka zilahlekelwa yimali engenayo ngenxa yokuncipha kwesabelo semakethe yomhlaba. Lokhu kungaholela nasekuntulekeni kwemisebenzi kule mikhakha.
• I-EU kanye namanye amazwe athuthukile anweba ukwesekwa, ubuchwepheshe, nokuqeqeshwa emazweni asafufusa kwezomnotho ukusiza ukwehlisa ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni.
• Ohulumeni kwezomnotho ezisathuthuka bekhuthaza izimboni zabo zasendaweni ukuthi zitshale ocwaningweni lobuchwepheshe obuluhlaza, okuhlanganisa nokuhlinzeka ngezibonelelo kanye nokuthola uxhaso emphakathini wamazwe ngamazwe.
• Izinhlangano zezomnotho zezifunda zihlangana ndawonye ukuze zithole ukukhululwa ku-WTO.
• Ezinye izimboni ezisebenzisa i-carbon eningi zisebenzisa ithuba lokungakhokhi intela yekhabhoni okungenzeka ibe khona emazweni asathuthuka futhi zithuthele ukusebenza kwazo kulawa mazwe.

Imibuzo ongaphawula ngayo

• Izintela zekhabhoni zingenziwa kanjani zilingane kwezomnotho ezisathuthuka?
• Iyiphi enye indlela amazwe athuthukile angasiza ngayo amazwe athuthukayo ezomnotho ehlise ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni?