I-inthanethi Ehloliwe Ngokwepolitiki: Ingabe Ukuvalwa Kwe-inthanethi Sekuba Inkathi Yobumnyama Yedijithali?

• About the Author:
• Igama lomlobi

  I-Quantumrun Foresight
• Kwangathi 2, 2023

I-Asia ne-Afrika amazwekazi amabili ahlangabezane nenani elikhulu kakhulu lokuvalwa kwe-inthanethi kusukela ngo-2016. Izizathu ezinikezwe ohulumeni zokuvala i-inthanethi ngokuvamile beziphikisana nezenzakalo zangempela. Lo mkhuba uphakamisa umbuzo wokuthi ngabe lokhu kuvalwa kwe-inthanethi okugqugquzelwa yipolitiki kuhloswe ngempela ukulwa nokusabalala kolwazi olungamanga noma kuyindlela yokucindezela ulwazi uhulumeni aluthola luphazamisa noma lulimaza izithakazelo zakhe.

Ingqikithi ye-inthanethi ehlolwe ngokwepolitiki

Ngo-2018, i-India kwakuyizwe elinenombolo enkulu yokuvalwa kwe-inthanethi okubekwe ohulumeni basekhaya, ngokusho kwenhlangano yamazwe omhlaba engenzi nzuzo i-Access Now. Iqembu, elimele i-inthanethi yamahhala yomhlaba wonke, libike ukuthi i-India yaba ngamaphesenti angama-67 akho konke ukuvalwa kwe-inthanethi ngalowo nyaka. Uhulumeni waseNdiya uvame ukuthethelela lokhu kuvalwa njengendlela yokuvimbela ukusatshalaliswa kolwazi olungamanga nokugwema ingozi yodlame. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kuvalwa kuvame ukuqaliswa ngemuva kokuthi ukusakazwa kolwazi olungalungile sekuvele kwenzekile, okubenza bangaphumeleli ekufezeni izinjongo zabo ezishiwo.

E-Russia, ukucutshungulwa kukahulumeni kwe-inthanethi nakho kube yimbangela yokukhathazeka. I-Monash IP (Internet Protocol) Observatory esekelwe eMelbourne, eqapha umsebenzi we-inthanethi emhlabeni wonke, ibike ukuthi ijubane le-inthanethi lehla eRussia ngobusuku bokuhlasela kwe-Ukraine ngo-2022. Ekupheleni kwesonto lokuqala lokuhlasela, uhulumeni ka-Vladimir Putin. yayivimbe i-Facebook ne-Twitter, kanye neziteshi zezindaba zakwamanye amazwe njenge-BBC Russia, Voice of America, neRadio Free Europe. Intatheli yezobuchwepheshe nezepolitiki u-Li Yuan uxwayise ngokuthi ukwanda kwe-inthanethi kwe-Russian kungaholela esimweni esifana ne-Great Firewall yase-China, lapho imithombo yolwazi yangaphandle ye-inthanethi ivinjelwe ngokuphelele. Lezi zenzakalo ziphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nobudlelwano phakathi kobuchwepheshe nezombusazwe, kanye nezinga ohulumeni okufanele bavunyelwe ngalo ukulawula nokuhlola ulwazi olutholakala ezakhamuzini zabo. 

Umthelela ophazamisayo

Ukuvinjelwa okubekwe uhulumeni waseRussia ezinkundleni zokuxhumana ezinkulu kube nomthelela omkhulu emabhizinisini nasezakhamuzini zezwe. Ezinkampanini eziningi, izinkundla zokuxhumana ezifana ne-Instagram bekungamathuluzi abalulekile okukhombisa imikhiqizo nezinsizakalo zabo. Kodwa-ke, ukuvinjelwa kwenze kwaba nzima kakhulu kulawa mabhizinisi ukuthi afinyelele amakhasimende angase abe khona, okuholele ekutheni ezinye izinkampani zihoxise ukusebenza kwazo eRussia. Isibonelo, lapho inkundla ye-e-commerce i-Etsy kanye nesango lokukhokha i-PayPal lihoxa e-Russia, abathengisi ngabanye abathembele kumakhasimende ase-Europe babengeke besakwazi ukuqhuba ibhizinisi.

Umthelela wokuvinjelwa ekungeneni kwe-inthanethi yaseRussia uphinde waholela izakhamuzi eziningi ukuba zithuthele emazweni aseduze ukuze ziphinde zithole ukufinyelela ezinsizeni ze-inthanethi. Ukuhoxiswa kwezinkampani zenethiwekhi ze-fiber-optic njengabahlinzeki abazinze e-US i-Cogent ne-Lumen kuye kwaholela ekwehliseni isivinini se-inthanethi nokukhuphuka kokuminyana, okwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuthi abantu bathole ulwazi futhi baxhumane nabanye ku-inthanethi. "Ikhethini lensimbi yedijithali" laseRussia lingagcina lilawulwa ngokuqinile, ohlelweni lwe-inthanethi olulawulwa uhulumeni njengelaseShayina, lapho uhulumeni ehlola izincwadi, amamuvi, nomculo ngokuqinile, futhi inkululeko yokukhuluma ingekho nhlobo. 

Okubaluleke nakakhulu, i-inthanethi ehloliwe ngokwepolitiki ingenza kube lula ukusatshalaliswa kolwazi olunganembile nenkulumo-ze, njengoba ohulumeni nabanye abadlali bangasebenzisa ukucwaninga ukuze balawule ukulandisa futhi balawule umbono womphakathi. Lokhu kungaba nomthelela omubi ekuzinzeni komphakathi, njengoba kungabhebhethekisa ukuhlukana nokungqubuzana phakathi kwemiphakathi.

Imithelela ye-inthanethi ehloliwe ngokwepolitiki

Imithelela ebanzi ye-inthanethi ehloliwe ngokwepolitiki ingase ihlanganise:

• Izinsizakalo eziphuthumayo, njengezempilo nokuphepha komphakathi, zithintwa ukuvalwa njalo, okwenza kube nzima ukuxhumana nokuvuselela abantu abadinga usizo.
• Ohulumeni be-autocratic kanye nezikhulu zezempi ziya ngokuya zisebenzisa ukucinywa kwe-inthanethi ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuvukela umbuso, ukuvukela umbuso, nezimpi zombango. Ngokufanayo, ukucisha ugesi okunjalo kuzoholela ekuhlelekeni nasekuxhumaneni okuncane kwezinhlangano zomphakathi, kunciphisa amandla ezakhamizi okwenza ushintsho futhi alwele amalungelo azo.
• Ukukhawulelwa kweminye imithombo yolwazi efana nemidiya ezimele, ochwepheshe besihloko ngasinye, nabaholi abacabangayo.
• Ukushintshisana okulinganiselwe kwemibono kanye nokufinyelela olwazini, okubalulekile ekuthathweni kwezinqumo unolwazi kanye nezinqubo zentando yeningi.
• Ukwakhiwa kwe-inthanethi ehlukene, kunciphisa ukugeleza kanye nesivinini semibono nolwazi emingceleni, okuholela emhlabeni ongawodwa futhi ongaxhumekile kangako emhlabeni.
• Ukwandiswa kokuhlukaniswa kwedijithali ngokukhawulela ukufinyelela olwazini namathuba kulabo abangenayo i-inthanethi engahloliwe.
• Ukufinyelela okulinganiselwe olwazini nasezinsizeni zokuqeqesha, okuvimbela ukukhula nokuthuthuka kwabasebenzi.
• Ukwaziswa okucindezelwe okuhlobene nezindaba zemvelo, okuvimbela imizamo yokubhekana nokunciphisa imithelela yokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu.

Imibuzo okufanele icatshangelwe

• Ucabanga ukuthi i-inthanethi ehloliwe ngokwepolitiki ingawuthinta kanjani umphakathi?
• Yibuphi ubuchwepheshe obungase buqhamuke ukuze kunqandwe (noma kuqiniswe) ukuhlolwa kwe-inthanethi?