Amaqhinga asabalalisa i-disinformation: Ukuthi ubuchopho bomuntu bungenelwa kanjani

• About the Author:
• Igama lomlobi

  I-Quantumrun Foresight
• October 4, 2023

Isifinyezo sokuqonda

Ulwazi olungelona iqiniso lusabalala ngamaqhinga afana ne-Contagion Model nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezibethelwe. Amaqembu afana ne-Ghostwriter aqondise i-NATO kanye namasosha ase-US, kuyilapho i-AI ilawula umbono womphakathi. Abantu bavame ukuthembela emithonjeni evamile, okubenza babe lula olwazini olungamanga. Lokhu kungase kuholele emikhankasweni eminingi yokukhipha ulwazi esekelwe ku-AI, imithetho kahulumeni enamandla, ukusetshenziswa okwandisiwe kwezinhlelo zokusebenza ezibethelwe ngontamo-lukhuni, kukhuliswe ukuphepha kwe-cybersecurity kwabezindaba, kanye nezifundo zemfundo zokulwa ne-disinformation.

Amaqhinga asakaza umongo wolwazi lokungahloniphi

Amaqhinga olwazi olunganembile angamathuluzi namasu avame ukusetshenziswa ezingosini zokuxhumana nabantu, okudala ubhubhane lwezinkolelo ezingamanga. Lokhu kukhohlisa kolwazi kubangele ukungaqondi kahle okusabalele mayelana nezihloko kusukela ekukhwabaniseni abavoti kuye kokuthi ukuhlasela okunodlame kuyiqiniso yini (isb., ukudutshulwa kwesikole samabanga aphansi i-Sandy Hook) noma ukuthi imithi yokugoma iphephile yini. Njengoba izindaba ezingamanga ziqhubeka nokwabiwa kuzo zonke izinkundla ezihlukene, sekudale ukungathembani okujulile ezikhungweni zokuxhumana ezifana nabezindaba. Omunye umbono wokuthi ulwazi oludukisayo lusakazeka kanjani ubizwa ngokuthi i-Contagion Model, esekelwe endleleni amagciwane ekhompyutha asebenza ngayo. Inethiwekhi idalwe ngamanodi, amele abantu, namaphethelo, afanekisela izixhumanisi zokuxhumana. Umqondo uhlwanyelwa "emqondweni" owodwa futhi usakazeka ngaphansi kwezimo ezihlukahlukene futhi kuye ngobudlelwane bomphakathi.

Akusizi ukuthi ubuchwepheshe kanye nokwanda kokufakwa kwedijithali komphakathi kusiza ukwenza amasu olwazi olunganembile asebenze kangcono kunangaphambili. Isibonelo izinhlelo zokusebenza zemiyalezo ebethelwe (ama-EMA), ezingasizi nje kuphela ukwabelana ngolwazi olungamanga koxhumana nabo siqu kodwa futhi ezenza kube nzima ngezinkampani zezinhlelo zokusebenza ukulandelela imilayezo eyabiwayo. Isibonelo, amaqembu angakwesokudla adluliselwe kuma-EMA ngemuva kokuhlasela kukaJanuwari 2021 US Capitol ngoba izinkundla zokuxhumana ezijwayelekile ezifana ne-Twitter zibavimbile. Amaqhinga olwazi oluyi-disinformation anemiphumela esheshayo neyesikhathi eside. Ngaphandle kokhetho lapho abantu abangabazekayo abanamarekhodi obugebengu bewina ngama-troll farms, bangakwazi ukubukela phansi abantu abambalwa futhi baqhubekisele phambili inkulumo-ze yempi (isb, ukuhlasela kwe-Ukraine yaseRussia). 

Umthelela ophazamisayo

Ngo-2020, inkampani yezokuphepha iFireEye yakhipha umbiko ogqamisa imizamo yeqembu labaduni ababizwa nge-Ghostwriter. Kusukela ngoMashi 2017, abasakazi benkulumo-ze bebesakaza amanga, ikakhulukazi ngokumelene nomfelandawonye wezempi iNorth Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) kanye namasosha ase-US ePoland naseBaltics. Bashicilele izinto ezingamanga ezinkundleni zokuxhumana kanye namawebhusayithi ezindaba asekela isiRashiya. I-Ghostwriter kwesinye isikhathi isebenzise indlela enolaka kakhulu: ukugebenga izinhlelo zokuphatha okuqukethwe (i-CMS) yamawebhusayithi ezindaba ukuze zithumele ezazo izindaba. Iqembu libe selisakaza izindaba zalo ezingamanga lisebenzisa ama-imeyili omgunyathi, okuthunyelwe ezinkundleni zokuxhumana, ngisho nama-op-ed abhalwe yibona kwamanye amasayithi amukela okuqukethwe okuvela kubafundi.

Elinye iqhinga le-disinformation lisebenzisa ama-algorithms kanye nobuhlakani bokwenziwa (AI) ukukhohlisa imibono yomphakathi ezinkundleni zokuxhumana, njengokuthi "ukukhulisa" abalandeli benkundla yezokuxhumana ngama-bot noma ukudala ama-akhawunti e-troll azenzakalelayo ukuze athumele imibono enenzondo. Ochwepheshe babiza le nkulumo-ze yekhompyutha. Ngaleso sikhathi, ucwaningo olwenziwa yi-New York Times luthole ukuthi osopolitiki basebenzisa i-imeyili ukusabalalisa ulwazi oluyi-disinformation kaningi kunalokho abantu abakuqaphelayo. E-US, zombili izinhlangothi zinecala lokusebenzisa i-hyperbole kuma-imeyili abo kumalungu, okungase kuvame ukukhuthaza ukwabelana ngolwazi olungamanga. 

Kunezizathu ezimbalwa ezibalulekile zokuthi kungani abantu bewela emikhankasweni yolwazi olunganembile. 

• Okokuqala, abantu bangabafundi bezenhlalo futhi bavame ukuthemba imithombo yabo yolwazi njengabangane noma amalungu omndeni. Laba bantu nabo bathola izindaba zabo kubangani abathembekile, okwenza kube nzima ukugqashula kulo mjikelezo. 
• Okwesibili, abantu bavame ukuhluleka ukuhlola ulwazi abalusebenzisayo, ikakhulukazi uma bejwayele ukuthola izindaba zabo emthonjeni owodwa (imvamisa imidiya yendabuko noma inkundla yezokuxhumana abayintandokazi. amapulatifomu afana ne-Facebook noma i-Twitter). Uma zibona isihloko sezindaba noma isithombe (ngisho nokufaka uphawu nje) esisekela izinkolelo zabo, ngokuvamile ababungabazi ubuqiniso balezi zimangalo (kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zihlekisa kangakanani). 
• Ama-Echo chambers angamathuluzi anamandla okubulala izibulala-magciwane, enza ngokuzenzakalelayo abantu abanezinkolelo eziphikisanayo babe isitha. Ubuchopho bomuntu buhlanganiswe kanzima ukuze bufune ulwazi olusekela imibono ekhona futhi lwehlise ukwaziswa okungqubuzana nayo.

Imithelela ebanzi yamaqhinga okusabalalisa ulwazi oluyi-disinformation

Imithelela engaba khona yamaqhinga okusabalalisa ulwazi oluyi-disinformation ingase ihlanganise: 

• Izinkampani eziningi ezisebenza ngokukhethekile ku-AI nama-bots ukusiza osopolitiki nabasakaza inkulumo-ze bathole abalandeli “nokwethembeka” ngemikhankaso ehlakaniphile yokukhipha ama-disinformation.
• Ohulumeni bacindezelwa ukuthi bakhe imithetho nezinhlaka ezimelene nokusabalalisa ulwazi ukuze kuliwe namapulazi ahamba ngezinyawo kanye namaqhinga olwazi olunganembile.
• Ukukhula okulandwayo kwama-EMA kwamaqembu ayingozi afuna ukusabalalisa inkulumo-ze futhi bonakalise isithunzi.
• Izingosi zemidiya ezitshala imali kuzisombululo ezibizayo ze-cybersecurity ukuvimbela abagebengu be-disinformation ekutshaleni izindaba ezingamanga ezinhlelweni zabo. Izixazululo ezintsha ze-AI ezikhiqizayo zingase zisetshenziswe kule nqubo yokulinganisa.
• I-Generative AI powered bots ingase iqashwe abadlali ababi ukuze kukhiqizwe igagasi lenkulumo-ze kanye nokuqukethwe kwemidiya ye-disinformation esikalini.
• Ukwenyuka kwengcindezi yokuthi amanyuvesi kanye nezikole zomphakathi zifake izifundo zokulwa nokubulala ama-disinformation. 

Imibuzo okufanele icatshangelwe

• Uzivikela kanjani emaqhingeni e-disinformation?
• Ohulumeni nezinhlangano bangakuvimbela kanjani ukusakazeka kwala maqhinga?