I-microbiome eyenziwe ngofuzo: Ukuguqula amagciwane empilweni

• About the Author:
• Igama lomlobi

  I-Quantumrun Foresight
• Mashi 8, 2023

I-microbiome iqukethe ama-microorganisms endaweni ethile. Ukuguqula i-microbiome ngokofuzo kungasiza ukucindezela noma ukuveza izici ezithile nokuletha imithi yokwelapha, ukuthola izinhlelo zokusebenza ezihlukahlukene emkhakheni wezolimo, wezempilo, kanye nenhlalakahle.

Ingqikithi ye-microbiome eyenziwe ngofuzo

I-gut microbiome, umphakathi wama-microorganisms emathunjini omuntu, idlala indima ebalulekile empilweni. Ucwaningo lwakamuva lubonise ukuthi i-gut microbiome ingathinta izifo ezizimele, isifo sikashukela, umdlavuza, isifo senhliziyo, i-Parkinson's, i-Alzheimer's, i-multiple sclerosis, ngisho nokucindezeleka. Nokho, ibhalansi yalesi simiso sezinto eziphilayo esintekenteke singaphazanyiswa izici ezihlukahlukene ezifana nokudla kanye nemithi elwa namagciwane, okwenza kube nzima ukuyibuyisela. 

Abacwaningi abaningana babheka ama-microbiomes ashintsha izakhi zofuzo ukuze bandise amathuba abo okusinda nokuvumelana nezimo. Isibonelo, ososayensi base-Texas A&M University basebenzisa ubudlelwane be-symbiotic be-bacterium, i-E. coli, kanye nesikelemu ukuze benze ufuzo i-microbiome yesikelemu ngo-2021. Baqaphela ukuthi lapho izakhi zofuzo ezicindezela i-fluorescence zifakwa ku-plasmid ye-E. coli, izikelemu eziwudlayo zizoyeka ukukhombisa i-fluorescence. Ngawo lowo nyaka, ososayensi baseNyuvesi yaseCalifornia San Francisco balayishe ngempumelelo amagciwane azingelayo ngohlelo lokuhlela izakhi zofuzo lwe-CRISPR ukuze basuse ama-chromosome ngaphakathi kwe-E. coli.

Emuva ngo-2018, abacwaningi baseHarvard Medical School basebenze ukwenza amagciwane axhumane ukuze axhumanise futhi alawule ngokuvumelana. Bethule izifunda zofuzo ezibonisa izimpawu kanye neziphenduli ukuze bakhulule futhi bathole ikhoramu eyinhlanganisela ibe izinhlobo ezimbili zamabhaktheriya. Lapho amagundane enikwa lawa magciwane, amathumbu awo wonke amagundane abonisa izimpawu zokudluliswa kwesignali, okuqinisekisa ukuxhumana okuphumelelayo kwamagciwane. Inhloso isele ukudala i-microbiome yokwenziwa enamagciwane akhiwe emathunjini omuntu asebenza kahle ekukhulumisaneni phakathi kwawo ngenkathi enza imisebenzi yawo. 

Umthelela ophazamisayo 

Ukuhlola amandla okusebenzisa amasu okuhlela izakhi zofuzo ukuphatha i-gut microbiome kungabhekana nokungalingani okunomthelela ezindabeni ezihlukahlukene zezempilo. Isibonelo, ucwaningo olwengeziwe lungathola ukuletha imithi yokwelapha ukulungisa ukungalingani kwamagciwane ngaphakathi kwamathumbu omuntu ayinkimbinkimbi. Ngobunjiniyela bezakhi zofuzo amagciwane aziwa njengenzuzo empilweni yamathumbu, ososayensi bangakha izindlela zokwelapha ezintsha zezifo ezahlukahlukene ezihlobene namathumbu, okuhlanganisa nesifo samathumbu esivuvukalayo, isifo samathumbu acasukayo, ngisho nokukhuluphala. Iphinde ivumele izindlela ezintsha zokwelapha isifo sikashukela ngenxa yokungalingani kwamahomoni. 

Esinye sezizathu zokuthi kungani amabhaktheriya kulula ukuwasebenzisa ngokofuzo kungenxa yokwakheka kwawo kwe-DNA. Lezi zidalwa ezincane zinezicucu ze-DNA ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-plasmid ngaphezu kwezakhi eziyinhloko ze-DNA ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-chromosome. Ama-Plasmids angakwazi ukwenza amakhophi awo futhi abe nezakhi zofuzo ezimbalwa kunama-chromosome, okwenza kube lula ukuwashintsha ngamathuluzi wofuzo. Ngokuqondile, izingcezu ze-DNA ezivela kwezinye izinto eziphilayo zingafakwa kuma-plasmids amagciwane.

Lapho ama-plasmid ezenzela amakhophi, enza namakhophi ezakhi zofuzo ezengeziwe, ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-transgene. Isibonelo, uma isakhi sofuzo somuntu sokwenza i-insulin sifakwa ku-plasmid, njengoba amagciwane enza amakhophi e-plasmid, aphinde enze amakhophi engeziwe ofuzo lwe-insulin. Lapho lezi zakhi zofuzo zisetshenziswa, kukhiqizwa i-insulin eyengeziwe. Kodwa-ke, ososayensi bayavuma ukuthi lokhu kungenzeka kusekude kakhulu ngenxa yobunzima obukhulu be-microbiomes. Noma kunjalo, izifundo zamanje zingaphinda zibe nezinhlelo zokusebenza eziningana ekulawuleni izinambuzane, ukuthuthukisa ukukhula kwezitshalo, kanye nokuhlonza izifo zezilwane. 

Imithelela yama-microbiomes enziwe ngofuzo

Imithelela ebanzi yobunjiniyela bofuzo obuphumelelayo be-microbiome ngaphakathi kwezindawo eziningi ingabandakanya:

• Ucwaningo olwandisiwe kumathuluzi okuhlela izakhi zofuzo, njenge-CRISPR.
• Ukuvula amathuba amasha okukhiqiza ama-biofuels, ukudla, neminye imikhiqizo ngokwakha uhlobo olusha lwamagciwane olulungele kangcono imisebenzi ethile.
• Ukusetshenziswa okuncishisiwe kwama-antibiotic aqondisa amagciwane ngokungakhethi. 
• Intshisekelo eyengeziwe emithini yomuntu siqu kanye nokuxilongwa, lapho ukwelashwa kwenziwa ngendlela oyifisayo ngokusekelwe ku-gut microbiome yomuntu.
• Izingozi ezingaba khona ekwandeni kwamagciwane angandisa ukuvela kwezinye izifo.

Imibuzo okufanele icatshangelwe

• Uma kubhekwa inkimbinkimbi ye-microbiome yamathumbu omuntu, ingabe ucabanga ukuthi ubunjiniyela bayo obuphelele bezakhi zofuzo kungenzeka maduze?
• Ingabe ubikezela kubiza kangakanani ukusabalala kwezinqubo ezinjalo?