Idatha yezempilo yokwenziwa: Ibhalansi phakathi kolwazi nobumfihlo

• About the Author:
• Igama lomlobi

  I-Quantumrun Foresight
• June 16, 2023

Amaphuzu avelele okuqonda

Idatha yezempilo yokwenziwa inqoba izinselele zokufinyelela ulwazi lwekhwalithi kuyilapho ivikela ubumfihlo besiguli. Kungase kuguqule ukunakekelwa kwezempilo ngokuthuthukisa ucwaningo, ukusiza ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe, nokusiza ukumodela kwesistimu yezempilo kuyilapho kunciphisa izingozi zokusebenzisa kabi idatha. Kodwa-ke, izinselele ezingaba khona, ezifana nokuba sengozini kwezokuphepha, ukuchema kwe-AI, nokumelela kancane kwamaqembu, kudinga ukubhekwana nemithetho emisha.

Ingqikithi yedatha yezempilo yokwenziwa

Ukufinyelela kudatha yekhwalithi ephezulu ehlobene nezempilo nokunakekelwa kwezempilo kungaba inselele ngenxa yezindleko, imithetho yobumfihlo, kanye nemikhawulo ehlukahlukene yezomthetho nempahla yengqondo. Ukuze kuhlonishwe ukugcinwa kuyimfihlo kwesiguli, abacwaningi nabathuthukisi bavame ukuthembela kudatha engaziwa ukuze kuhlolwe i-hypothesis, ukuqinisekiswa kwemodeli yedatha, ukuthuthukiswa kwe-algorithm, kanye ne-prototyping entsha. Nokho, usongo lokuphinda uhlonze idatha engaziwa, ikakhulukazi ngezimo ezingavamile, ibalulekile futhi cishe akunakwenzeka ukuyiqeda. Ukwengeza, ngenxa yezinselele ezihlukahlukene zokusebenzisana, ukuhlanganisa idatha evela emithonjeni ehlukahlukene ukuze kuthuthukiswe amamodeli okuhlaziya, ama-algorithms, nezinhlelo zokusebenza zesofthiwe kuvame ukuba nzima. Idatha yokwenziwa ingasheshisa inqubo yokuqalisa, yokucwenga, noma yokuhlola izindlela zocwaningo eziyingqalasizinda. 

Imithetho yobumfihlo kokubili e-United States naseYurophu ivikela imininingwane yezempilo yabantu ukuze ingafinyeleli izinkampani zangaphandle. Ngakho-ke, imininingwane efana nempilo yengqondo yesiguli, imithi enqunyiwe, namazinga e-cholesterol igcinwa iyimfihlo. Kodwa-ke, ama-algorithms angakha isethi yeziguli zokwenziwa ezibonisa ngokunembile izingxenye ezihlukahlukene zabantu, ngaleyo ndlela kube lula igagasi elisha locwaningo nentuthuko. 

Ekuqaleni kobhubhane lwe-COVID-19, iSheba Medical Center esezinze kwa-Israel yasebenzisa i-MDClone, isiqalo sasendaweni esikhiqiza imininingwane yokwenziwa evela kumarekhodi ezokwelapha. Lesi sinyathelo sisize ukukhiqiza idatha ezigulini zayo ze-COVID-19, okwenza abacwaningi bakwa-Israyeli bafunde ukuqhubeka kwaleli gciwane, okuholele ku-algorithm esiza ochwepheshe bezokwelapha ukuthi babeke phambili ngempumelelo iziguli ze-ICU. 

Umthelela ophazamisayo

Idatha yezempilo yokwenziwa ingasheshisa futhi ithuthukise ucwaningo lwezokwelapha. Ngokudala amasethi edatha angokoqobo, amakhulu ngaphandle kokufaka engcupheni ubumfihlo besiguli, abacwaningi bangakwazi ukufunda ngokuyimpumelelo izimo zezempilo ezihlukahlukene, amathrendi, kanye nemiphumela. Lesi sici singaholela ekuthuthukisweni okusheshayo kokwelashwa nokungenelela, amamodeli abikezelayo anembe kakhudlwana, nokuqonda kangcono izifo eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa kwedatha yokwenziwa kungasiza ekubhekaneni nokungafani kwezempilo ngokunika amandla ucwaningo kubantu abangafundiwe kahle lapho ukuqoqwa kwedatha eyanele yomhlaba wangempela kungase kube nzima noma kube inkinga ngokokuziphatha.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, idatha yezempilo yokwenziwa ingaguqula ukuthuthukiswa nokuqinisekiswa kobuchwepheshe bokunakekelwa kwezempilo. Abasunguli bempilo yedijithali, ubuhlakani bokwenziwa (AI), nokufunda komshini (ML) bazozuza kakhulu ngokufinyelela kumasethi wedatha acebile, ahlukahlukene okuqeqeshwa nokuhlola ama-algorithms. Ngedatha yezempilo yokwenziwa, bangathuthukisa ukunemba kwamathuluzi abo, ukulunga, nokusebenziseka ngaphandle kwezithiyo ezingokomthetho, zokuziphatha, nezisebenzayo zokuphatha idatha yesiguli yangempela. Lesi sici singasheshisa ukuthuthukiswa kwamathuluzi e-AI okuxilonga kanye nokungenelela kwezempilo okudijithali komuntu siqu, futhi kusize ngisho nokuvela kwamapharadigm okunakekelwa kwezempilo amasha, aqhutshwa idatha.

Okokugcina, idatha yezempilo yokwenziwa ingaba nemithelela ebalulekile kunqubomgomo nokuphathwa kwezempilo. Idatha yokwenziwa yekhwalithi ephezulu ingase isekele ukumodela kwezinhlelo zezempilo eziqinile, yazise ukuhlela nokuhlolwa kwezinsizakalo zokunakekelwa kwezempilo. Kungase futhi kunikeze amandla ukuhlolwa kwezimo ezicatshangelwayo, njengomthelela okungenzeka wokungenelela okuhlukahlukene kwezempilo yomphakathi, ngaphandle kwesidingo sezilingo ezibizayo, ezidla isikhathi, neziyingozi ezingaba yingozi zomhlaba wangempela. 

Imithelela yedatha yezempilo yokwenziwa

Imithelela ebanzi yedatha yezempilo yokwenziwa ingase ihlanganise: 

• Ingozi ephansi yolwazi lwesiguli olubucayi oluputshuziwe noma lusetshenziswe kabi. Kodwa-ke, kungaholela ekubeni sengozini okusha kwezokuphepha uma kungaphathwa kahle.
• Ukumodela okungcono kwezimo zezempilo kanye nemiphumela yokwelashwa kubantu abahlukahlukene okuholela ekufinyeleleni okuthuthukisiwe ekunakekelweni kwezempilo emaqenjini angameleli kahle. Kodwa-ke, uma ukuchema kwe-AI kukhona kulolu lwazi lokwenziwa, kungase kukhuphule ukubandlululwa kwezokwelapha.
• Izindleko ezincishisiwe zocwaningo lwezokwelapha ngokuqeda isidingo sezinqubo ezibizayo nezidla isikhathi zokuqasha isiguli kanye nokuqoqwa kwedatha. 
• Ohulumeni abakha imithetho emisha neziqondiso ukuze bavikele ubumfihlo besiguli, balawule ukusetshenziswa kwedatha, futhi baqinisekise ukufinyelela okulinganayo ezinzuzweni zalobu buchwepheshe. 
• Izinhlelo zokusebenza ezithuthuke kakhulu ze-AI/ML ezinikeza ingcebo yedatha ngaphandle kokukhathazeka okuyimfihlo kuyilapho zenza ngokuzenzakalelayo ukucutshungulwa nokuphathwa kwamarekhodi ezempilo.
• Ukwabelana ngedatha yezempilo yokwenziwa kuthuthukisa ukubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe ekubhekaneni nezinkinga zezempilo, njengezifo eziwubhadane, ngaphandle kokwephula ubumfihlo besiguli. Lokhu kuthuthukiswa kungaholela ezinhlelweni zezempilo zomhlaba eziqinile kanye nezindlela zokuphendula ngokushesha.
• Ukwehliswa kwezinsiza ezibonakalayo ezidingekayo ekuqoqweni kwedatha evamile, ukugcinwa, nokwabelana kungaholela ekukhiqizweni kwekhabhoni ephansi.

Imibuzo okufanele icatshangelwe

• Uma usebenza kwezokunakekelwa kwempilo, inhlangano yakho isebenzisa kanjani idatha yokwenziwa ocwaningweni?
• Yimiphi imikhawulo engaba khona yedatha yezempilo yokwenziwa?