Imithi yokugomela i-HIV: Ingabe manje kungenzeka ukwenza umgomo we-HIV?

• About the Author:
• Igama lomlobi

  I-Quantumrun Foresight
• February 6, 2024

Isifinyezo sokuqonda

Kube nentuthuko emangalisayo ekuthuthukisweni kokugoma, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sodlame lwe-COVID-19, ubuchwepheshe be-messenger RNA (mRNA) bungenye yempumelelo ephawuleka kakhulu. Nokho, ukufuna umuthi osebenzayo wokugomela i-HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) uyaqhubeka nokuba yinselele, nakuba izifundo ezithembisayo ziyaqhubeka. Leli gciwane kunzima ukuliqondisa ngezindlela zokugoma zendabuko ngenxa yekhono lalo lokuguquguquka ngokushesha. 

Imithi yokugomela umongo we-HIV

Kube nentuthuko enkulu ekwelapheni i-HIV, igciwane elihlasela amasosha omzimba. Yize lingekho ikhambi lalesi sifo, imishanguzo isikhona eyehlisa izinga legciwane emzimbeni, abantu baphile impilo egcwele. Ukwengeza, eminye imithi ingasiza ekwehliseni ingozi yokuthola i-HIV kwasekuqaleni. Nokho, ukufuna umgomo wokuvimbela ukutheleleka nge-HIV bekuhamba kancane.

Okugxile ocwaningweni lokugomela i-HIV (kusukela ngo-2023) kusekwakheni amasosha omzimba angavimbela igciwane ukuthi lithelele amaseli abamba iqhaza. Imithi yokugoma ye-protein subunit ibe yindlela eyinhloko, eqondise izingxenye ezithile zegciwane. Inselele eyodwa enkulu ukuthi i-HIV ishintshashintsha ngokushesha futhi ihlanganiswe nezakhi zofuzo, okusho ukuthi amazinga aphezulu amasosha omzimba ahlala isikhathi eside kufanele abe khona ngesikhathi sokutheleleka ukuze kuvinjwe ukuphuma kwegciwane futhi kunikeze ukuvikeleka okubulala amagciwane.

NgokukaSteven Deeks, umcwaningi wokugoma kanye noprofesa wezokwelapha eNyuvesi yaseCalifornia, eSan Francisco (UCLA), ubuchwepheshe obufanayo obusetshenziswa emithini yokugoma ye-mRNA bungase busetshenziswe ukwakha umuthi wokugomela i-HIV. Umuthi wokugomela i-mRNA unikeza umzimba ucezu lwezakhi zofuzo olusiza ukuthi ukhiqize ucezu lwamaprotheni egciwane. Le nqubo iqeqesha isimiso somzimba sokuzivikela ezifweni ukuba siqaphele igciwane futhi sisabele ngempumelelo uma liphinde lihlangana nalo. Abacwaningi sebengakwazi ukudala futhi bahlole imithi yokugoma emisha ngokushesha okukhulu, okubenza bakwazi ukuklama imithi yokugoma engakhiqiza amasosha omzimba athile adingekayo.

Umthelela ophazamisayo

Nakuba ubuchwepheshe bokugoma buthembisa, ucwaningo oluhlukahlukene luhlangabezane nezithiyo ezithile. Ngo-Okthoba 2017, ucwaningo lwe-HVTN 505, olwahlola indlela yokuvimbela i-HIV ekwakheni umuthi wokugomela i-HIV kusetshenziswa umgomo we-vector ephilayo, lwaphethwa. Ucwaningo lwaluhlanganisa ababambiqhaza abangaphezu kuka-2,500, kodwa lwamiswa lapho abacwaningi bethola ukuthi umgomo wawungasebenzi ekuvimbeleni ukudluliswa kwe-HIV noma ekwehliseni inani legciwane emzimbeni. Khonamanjalo, ngo-2020, i-US National Institutes of Health (NIH) yamemezela ukuthi ikuyekile ukuhlolwa komgomo we-HVTN 702. Nakuba umgomo watholakala uphephile ngesikhathi socwaningo, ibhodi elizimele lokuqapha idatha nokuphepha linqume ukuthi wawungasebenzi ekuvimbeleni ukudluliswa kwegciwane. 

Ngaphandle kwalokhu kwehluleka, ososayensi cishe bazoqhubeka nokutadisha ukuthi i-mRNA ingasetshenziswa kanjani ukwenza imithi yokugomela i-HIV eqinile. Isibonelo yi-HVTN 302, iphrojekthi exhaswe yi-NIH ehlola imigomo emithathu yokuhlola ye-mRNA. Inkampani ye-Biopharma iModerna yenze le mithi yokugoma, ngamunye uqukethe iphrotheni ye-spike ehlukile evela ebusweni be-HIV. Njengoba kuqaliswa ukuhlolwa okwengeziwe okufana nalokhu, ukutshalwa kwezimali ocwaningweni lwe-mRNA nasekuhleleni izakhi zofuzo cishe kuzokwanda, okuhlanganisa ubudlelwano phakathi kwamafemu e-biotech nezikhungo zocwaningo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ososayensi baphenya ngokusetshenziswa okungenzeka kweminye yale mithi yokugomela i-HIV njengendlela yokwelapha. NgokukaDeeks, kunomzamo omkhulu oqhubekayo wokuthola ikhambi lokutheleleka nge-HIV, njengoba kungase kube nzima kwabanye abantu ukuthola nokugcina imishanguzo ye-antiretroviral isikhathi eside. Umgomo uwukuqeqesha amasosha omzimba ukuze alwe negciwane ngokuzimela kusetshenziswa le mithi yokugoma. 

Imithelela yemithi yokugomela i-HIV

Imithelela ebanzi yemithi yokugomela i-HIV ingase ihlanganise: 

• Ukunciphisa ukucwaswa okuhambisana ne-HIV/AIDS, futhi abantu abaphila ne-HIV bangase bakhululeke kakhudlwana ukudalula isimo sabo.
• Ukwehliswa kwezindleko zokunakekelwa kwezempilo okuhambisana nokwelapha i-HIV nezifo ezihlobene, kanye nomthwalo we-HIV owehlisiwe emnothweni womhlaba wonke.
• Izinqubomgomo zikahulumeni ezengeziwe kanye nezinqumo zokuxhasa ngezimali ezihlobene nokuvimbela nokwelashwa kwe-HIV. 
• Ukuncipha kokusabalala kwe-HIV kubantu abasengcupheni kakhulu, kuhlanganisa nentsha.
• Amathuba emisebenzi emisha ocwaningweni nasekuthuthukisweni kokugoma, nasekukhiqizeni nasekusabalaliseni umgomo.
• Ushintsho endleleni abantu abacabanga ngayo nabakhuluma ngayo nge-HIV/AIDS, okuholela ekushintsheni kwemikhuba yamasiko ehlobene nokuvimbela i-HIV.
• Umthwalo owehlisiwe we-HIV/AIDS kubantu emhlabeni wonke, ikakhulukazi emazweni asathuthuka lapho ukufinyelela kokwelashwa kulinganiselwe.
• Izikhungo zezempilo zikazwelonke zithola uxhaso oluthe xaxa kumafemu e-biotech.

Imibuzo okufanele icatshangelwe

• Izwe lakini libhekana kanjani nokutheleleka nge-HIV?
• I-biotech, ohulumeni, nezikhungo zocwaningo zingasebenzisana kanjani ukusheshisa ukwakhiwa komgomo we-HIV?