Izintela zekhabhoni zamazwe ngamazwe: Ingabe wonke umuntu kufanele akhokhe ngokulimala kwemvelo?

• About the Author:
• Igama lomlobi

  I-Quantumrun Foresight
• September 28, 2023

Isifinyezo sokuqonda

Intela yekhabhoni ehlongozwayo ye-European Union ezimpahleni ezikhishwa kakhulu ihlose ukukhuthaza izinqubo zebhizinisi eziluhlaza. Kodwa-ke, ibhekene nezinselelo ezimbalwa, okuhlanganisa nezinkinga zokulinganisa kanye nengozi yokukhuthaza ukuvikela. Nakuba intela ingase ikhiphe imali yemiklamo yezemvelo, kunokukhathazeka ngomthelela wayo ekuhwebeni kwamazwe ngamazwe nokuthi imali engenayo izokwabiwa kanjani emhlabeni jikelele. Amazwe afana ne-US ne-China acabangela izindlela zawo noma afuna ukukhululwa. Naphezu kwezithiyo, kunesivumelwano esibanzi ngesidingo esiphuthumayo sezinqubomgomo zokuhwebelana ezisekelwe kukhabhoni.

Umongo wezintela zekhabhoni zamazwe ngamazwe

Izintela zekhabhoni zamazwe ngamazwe ziyizindleko ezikhokhiswayo ezimpahleni nasezinsizeni ezikhipha amagesi abamba ukushisa (GHGs), ngokuvamile endaweni yokungenisa noma ukuthekelisa. Umbono wabo uwukudala isikhuthazi senani samabhizinisi ukuze ehlise ukukhishwa kwawo ngendlela engajezisi ngokungafanele amazwe anamaphrofayili okukhishwa kwekhabhoni aphansi noma lawo adonsa kanzima ngokomnotho. Ngokuvamile, amanani e-carbon ayinkimbinkimbi. Nakuba inhloso yayo iyinhle, umthelela wezombangazwe nezomnotho ungaba wameva. Okokuqala, azikho iziqondiso ezicacile zokulinganisa ikhabhoni ezimpahleni nasemikhiqizweni. Okwesibili, amanani entengo, ngokuvamile, angakhuthaza ukuvikelwa, lapho indawo yokulawula inikeza inzuzo engalungile kubadlali basekhaya futhi igcina wonke umuntu ngaphandle.

I-International Monetary Fund (IMF) iphakamise ukuthi esikhundleni sentela, kufanele kube nenani elincane lentela yekhabhoni elimisiwe kuye ngesamba somkhiqizo wezwe (GDP). Kodwa-ke, ukuvumelana ukuthi leli yiphupho okwamanje. Abaningi bacabanga ukuthi intela ye-carbon iyindlela efanelekile yokuqinisekisa ukuthi wonke umuntu uyakhokhela umonakalo abawenzayo emvelweni. Imali ekhiqizwa yilezi ntela isetshenziswa ezintweni ezahlukene okubalwa imvelo nokuthuthukiswa komphakathi. Kodwa-ke, emakethe lapho izimvume zingadayiswa khona, isinxephezelo singaba khona kuphela uma izimvume bezinikezwa umphakathi wonke futhi abangcolisi bemvelo bephoqeleka ukuthi bazikhokhele endalini. Kodwa uma amafemu esethole izitifiketi, anelungelo lokungcolisa kakhulu ngokuthengelana izimvume ngaphandle kokubuyisela umphakathi uwonke.

Umthelela ophazamisayo

Kunezinselelo ezimbalwa zokuqalisa nokuphoqelela izintela zekhabhoni zamazwe ngamazwe. Enye iwukuhlanganisa izithakazelo ezahlukene zezwe ezidlalwayo; enye iqinisekisa ukuthi intela ayidali izinxephezelo, ezifana nokugqugquzela izinkampani ukuthi zithuthele ukusebenza kwazo emazweni anemithethonqubo yezemvelo ebuthaka. Kuphinde kube nombuzo wokuthi imali yentela izokwabiwa kanjani phakathi kwamazwe. Nokho, kunokuvumelana okubanzi kokuthi izintela zekhabhoni zamazwe ngamazwe zingadlala indima ebalulekile ekwehliseni ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu. Zingasiza ekulinganiseni inkundla phakathi kwamazwe athuthukile nasathuthuka, zikhuthaze ukuncishiswa kwesisi esingcolisa umoya, futhi zingenise imali edingeka kakhulu yokubhekana nesimo sezulu.

Kodwa-ke, i-US, i-China, i-Brazil, i-India, iNingizimu Afrika, kanye namanye amazwe asathuthuka acabanga ukuthi intela ye-carbon ingalimaza uhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe. Ngenxa yalokho, izinkampani ezivela kulawa mazwe zingakhetha ukukhokhisa izintela zekhabhoni noma ezinye izithiyo ekuthengisweni kwe-EU ukuze ziziphindiselele. Bangakwazi futhi ukudala uhlelo lwabo lwentela yekhabhoni (i-US ne-Canada manje sebeyalucubungula). Okunye okungase kuphenduleke ukuthi lawa mazwe angavula icala lempikiswano leNhlangano Yezohwebo Yomhlaba (WTO) ngokumelene ne-EU. Okokugcina, bangaxoxisana neNyunyana ukuze bathole ukukhululwa okuthile. Noma ngabe imiphi imiphumela yesikhathi eside yentela yekhabhoni yamazwe ngamazwe, kuyacaca ukuthi kunesidingo esiphuthumayo sokudala izinqubomgomo zokuhwebelana ezisekelwe kukhabhoni. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuvumelana ngendlela yokukala ikhabhoni ekukhiqizweni kanye nokuvuma ukuthi amazwe anezindlela ezihlukene zokususa ikhabhoni.

Imithelela yezintela zekhabhoni zamazwe ngamazwe

Imithelela ebanzi yezintela zekhabhoni yamazwe ngamazwe ingase ihlanganise: 

• Amazwe amaningi adala (noma okungenani acabangela) izinhlelo zawo zentela yekhabhoni ukuze avikele izintshisekelo zawo zemakethe yasekhaya.
• Amafemu ezimbonini zokukhiqiza nezokwakha akhokha izintela ezibizayo zezinto zawo ezingavuthiwe. Lokhu kungaholela ekutheni lezi zinkampani ziphume ezimakethe ezithile.
• Izingxoxo ezikhulisiwe phakathi kwamazwe ukuze kusungulwe inqubomgomo yentela yekhabhoni yomhlaba wonke esezingeni, okuhlanganisa ukucacisa izincazelo nezinyathelo. Khonamanjalo, amazwe angahlanganyeli kulolu hlelo lwamazwe ngamazwe azosebenza njengezintuba zekhabhoni kwezinye izizwe kanye nezizwe eziningi ezingenantshisekelo yokubamba iqhaza.
• Izinkampani ezidlulisela izindleko zentela kumakhasimende, okuholela ezimpahleni ezibizayo.
• Iminotho ethuthukayo iyalahlekelwa njengoba izabalaza ukugcina umoya okhishwayo uphansi ngenxa yokuntuleka kobuchwepheshe nobungcweti.

Imibuzo okufanele icatshangelwe

• Ngabe intela ye-carbon yamazwe ngamazwe ingaba nomthelela kanjani emikhiqizweni namasevisi?
• Yimiphi eminye imithelela yezepolitiki engaba khona?