Intela yokulwa nenkohlakalo yamazwe ngamazwe: Ukubamba ubugebengu bezezimali njengoba kwenzeka

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• Igama lomlobi

  I-Quantumrun Foresight
• Mashi 24, 2023

Isifinyezo sokuqonda

Izigebengu zezezimali ziya ngobuqili kunangaphambili, zize ziqashe nezingcweti zezomthetho nezentela ezingcono kakhulu ukuze ziqinisekise ukuthi izinkampani zazo zamagobolondo zibukeka zisemthethweni. Ukuze balwe nalokhu, ohulumeni balinganisa izinqubomgomo zabo zokulwa nenkohlakalo, kuhlanganise nentela.

Ingqikithi yentela yokulwa nenkohlakalo yamazwe ngamazwe

Ohulumeni baqhubeka nokuthola ukuxhumana okunamandla phakathi kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zobugebengu bezezimali, okuhlanganisa nenkohlakalo. Ngenxa yalokho, ohulumeni abaningi basebenzisa izindlela ezihlanganisa ama-ejensi amaningi ngokumelene nokushushumbiswa kwemali (ML) kanye nokulwa nokuxhaswa ngezimali kobuphekula (CFT). Le mizamo idinga impendulo edidiyelwe evela emigwaqweni ehlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa iziphathimandla ezilwa nenkohlakalo, iziphathimandla ezilwa nokushushumbiswa kwemali (i-AML), amayunithi obuhlakani bezezimali, neziphathimandla zentela. Ikakhulukazi, ubugebengu bentela nenkohlakalo kuhlobene eduze, njengoba izigebengu zingabiki imali engenayo evela emisebenzini engekho emthethweni noma zibike ngokweqile ukuze zivikele ukukhwabanisa. Ngokocwaningo lweBhange Lomhlaba olwenziwa amabhizinisi angu-25,000 57 emazweni angu-XNUMX, amafemu akhokha izifumbathiso nawo ayazigwema intela eyengeziwe. Enye yezindlela zokuqinisekisa ukuthi intela efanele iwukumisa umthetho wokulwa nenkohlakalo.

Isibonelo somlawuli we-AML womhlaba wonke yi-Financial Action Task Force (FATF), inhlangano yamazwe ngamazwe ezinikele ekulweni ne-ML/CFT. Njengoba inamazwe angamalungu angama-36, amandla e-FATF anwebeka emhlabeni wonke futhi afaka zonke izikhungo ezinkulu zezezimali. Umgomo oyinhloko wenhlangano uwukusetha izindinganiso zamazwe ngamazwe zokuthobela i-AML nokuhlola ukusetshenziswa kwazo. Enye inqubomgomo enkulu yi-European Union (EU)'s Anti-Money Laundering Directives. I-Fifth Anti-Money Laundering Directive (5AMLD) yethula incazelo esemthethweni ye-cryptocurrency, izibopho zokubika, kanye nemithetho yama-crypto wallets ukulawula uhlobo lwemali. Umyalelo Wesithupha Wokulwa Nokushushumbiswa Kwemali (6AMLD) uhlanganisa incazelo yamacala e-ML, ukunwetshwa kobubanzi becala lobugebengu, kanye nezijeziso ezinyusiwe zalabo abalahlwe amacala obugebengu.

Umthelela ophazamisayo

Ngo-2020, iCongress yaseMelika yaphasisa uMthetho Wokungeniswa Kwemali Ka-2020, owethulwa njengesichibiyelo soMthetho Wokugunyazwa Kwezokuvikela Kazwelonke wezi-2021. Umongameli wase-US uJoe Biden uthe uMthetho we-AML uyisinyathelo esiyingqophamlando sokulwa nenkohlakalo. kokubili kuhulumeni nezinkampani. Esinye sezici eziphawuleka kakhulu zoMthetho we-AML ukusungula ukubhaliswa kobunikazi okuzuzisayo, okungaqeda izinkampani zamagobolondo ezingaziwa. Nakuba i-US ngokuvamile ingahlotshaniswa nezindawo zokucasha zentela, isanda kuvela njengosokhaya ohamba phambili emhlabeni wezinkampani zamagobolondo ezingaziwa ezivumela ukuxhashazwa kwemali okuhlobene ne-kleptocracy, ubugebengu obuhleliwe, kanye nobuphekula. Ukubhaliswa kuzosiza ezokuphepha kuzwelonke, ezobunhloli, abomthetho, kanye nezinhlangano ezilawulayo uphenyo lwazo ngobugebengu obuhleliwe nokuxhaswa kwamaphekula ngezimali luncishiswa ulwembu oluyinkimbinkimbi lwezinkampani zamagobolondo ezifihla imvelaphi nabazuzi bezimpahla ezihlukahlukene.

Khonamanjalo, amanye amazwe nawo athuthukisa ubudlelwano bawo neziphathimandla zentela ukuze zifundise abasebenzi bazo ngobugebengu bentela nenkohlakalo. I-Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Handbook on Money Laundering and Bribery and Corruption Awareness iqondisa izikhulu zentela ekutholeni izenzo zobugebengu ezingaba khona kuyilapho zibuyekeza izitatimende zezimali. I-OECD International Academy for Tax Crime Investigation yasungulwa ngo-2013 njengomzamo wokusebenzisana no-Guardia di Finanza wase-Italy. Umgomo uwukuthuthukisa amakhono amazwe asathuthuka ukuze kuncishiswe ukugeleza kwezimali okungekho emthethweni. Isikole esifanayo sahlolwa eKenya ngo-2017 futhi yethulwa ngokusemthethweni eNairobi ngo-2018. Khonamanjalo, ngoJulayi 2018, i-OECD yasayina Imemorandamu Yokusebenzisana ne-Argentina's Federal Administration of Public Revenue (AFIP) ukuze kusungulwe isikhungo saseLatin America se-OECD. Isikole esiseBuenos Aires.

Imithelela yentela yokulwa nenkohlakalo yamazwe ngamazwe

Imithelela ebanzi yentela yokulwa nenkohlakalo yamazwe ngamazwe ingase ihlanganise: 

• Ukusebenzisana okwengeziwe nobudlelwano nama-ejensi ahlukene kanye nemizimba elawulayo ukuze kuqashwe ukuhanjiswa kwemali emhlabeni wonke futhi kuhlonzwe ubugebengu bentela ngokushesha nangempumelelo kakhudlwana.
• Ukusetshenziswa okwandayo kobuhlakani bokwenziwa kanye nobuchwepheshe obusekelwe emafini ukuthuthukisa izinhlelo nezinqubo zeziphathimandla zentela.
• Ochwepheshe bentela baqeqeshwa emithethweni ehlukene ye-AML/CFT njengoba beqhubeka nokuthuthukisa noma bedalwa. Lolu lwazi luzokwenza ukuthi laba basebenzi baqasheke kakhulu njengoba amakhono abo edingeka kakhulu.
• Ohulumeni abengeziwe nezinhlangano zesifunda ezisebenzisa izinqubomgomo ezimisiwe ezimelene nobugebengu bezezimali.
• Ukutshalwa kwezimali okukhulisiwe kubuchwepheshe bentela yesikhathi sangempela ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi izintela zibikwa ngendlela efanele njengoba imali nezimpahla zihamba ezindaweni ezahlukene. 

Imibuzo okufanele icatshangelwe

• Uma usebenzela iziphathimandla zentela, uhambisana kanjani nemithetho ehlukene yokulwa nenkohlakalo?
• Yiziphi ezinye izindlela iziphathimandla zentela ezingazivikela ngazo ebugebengwini bezezimali?