Amasistimu wezinzwa okwenziwa: Ingabe amarobhothi ekugcineni angazizwa?

• About the Author:
• Igama lomlobi

  I-Quantumrun Foresight
• November 24, 2023

Isifinyezo sokuqonda

Amasistimu wezinzwa wokwenziwa, athola ugqozi kubhayoloji yomuntu, aguqula ukusebenzisana phakathi kwamarobhothi nomhlaba wezinzwa. Ukuqala ngocwaningo lwango-2018 lapho inzwa yenzwa ikwazi ukubona i-Braille, ekudalweni kwe-University of Singapore ka-2019 kwesikhumba sokwenziwa esidlula impendulo yomuntu ethintekayo, lezi zinhlelo zithuthuka ngokushesha. Ucwaningo lwaseSouth Korea ngo-2021 luphinde lwabonisa uhlelo oluphendula ukukhanya olulawula ukunyakaza kwamarobhothi. Lobu buchwepheshe buthembisa izinzwa zokufakelwa ezithuthukisiwe, amarobhothi afana nabantu, ukuvuselelwa okuthuthukisiwe kokukhubazeka kwemizwa, ukuqeqeshwa kwerobhothi ethintekayo, ngisho nokukhalipha okuthuthukisiwe komuntu, okungase kuguqule izinkambu zezokwelapha, ezempi, nezomkhathi.

Umongo wezinhlelo zezinzwa zokwenziwa

Olunye lwezifundo zokuqala ezimisweni zezinzwa zokwenziwa lwalungo-2018, lapho abacwaningi baseStanford University naseSeoul National University bekwazi ukwakha isimiso sezinzwa esikwazi ukubona izinhlamvu zeBraille. Lokhu kuphumelela kunikwe amandla umjikelezo wemizwa yezinzwa engafakwa esimbozweni esifana nesikhumba samadivayisi okwenziwa kanye namarobhothi athambile. Lesi sifunda sasinezingxenye ezintathu, eyokuqala kwakuyinzwa yokuthinta ekwazi ukubona amaphuzu amancane okucindezela. Ingxenye yesibili kwakuyi-electronic neuron eguquguqukayo eyathola amasignali avela kunzwa yokuthinta. Inhlanganisela yezingxenye zokuqala nezesibili iholele ekusebenziseni i-transistor yokwenziwa ye-synaptic elingisa ama-synapse omuntu (amasignali ezinzwa phakathi kwama-neuron amabili adlulisela ulwazi). Abacwaningi bahlole umjikelezo wabo wezinzwa ngokuwuxhuma emlenzeni wephela futhi basebenzise amazinga okucindezela ahlukene kunzwa. Umlenze wawunyakaza ngokwenani lomfutho osetshenzisiwe.

Enye yezinzuzo eziyinhloko zesimiso sezinzwa zokwenziwa ukuthi zingakwazi ukulingisa indlela abantu abasabela ngayo ekushukumiseni kwangaphandle. Leli khono liyinto amakhompyutha endabuko angakwazi ukuyenza. Isibonelo, amakhompyutha endabuko awakwazi ukusabela ngokushesha ngokwanele ekushintsheni indawo - into ebalulekile emisebenzini efana nokulawula izitho zokufakelwa kanye namarobhothi. Kodwa amasistimu emizwa yokwenziwa angakwenza lokhu ngokusebenzisa indlela ebizwa ngokuthi “spiking.” I-spiking yindlela yokudlulisa ulwazi olusekelwe endleleni ama-neurons angempela axhumana ngayo nomunye ebuchosheni. Ivumela ukudluliswa kwedatha okushesha kakhulu kunezindlela zendabuko ezifana namasignali edijithali. Le nzuzo yenza amasistimu wezinzwa okwenziwa afaneleke kahle imisebenzi edinga ukusabela okusheshayo, njengokukhohlisa irobhothi. Angaphinde asetshenziselwe imisebenzi edinga ukufunda ngesipiliyoni, njengokubonwa kobuso noma ukuzulazula ezindaweni eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Umthelela ophazamisayo

Ngo-2019, iNyuvesi yaseSingapore yakwazi ukuthuthukisa uhlelo lwezinzwa lokwenziwa oluthuthuke kakhulu, olunganikeza amarobhothi umuzwa wokuthinta ongcono kakhulu kunesikhumba somuntu. Ibizwa nge-Asynchronous Coded Electronic Skin (ACES), le divayisi icubungule amaphikseli enzwa ngayinye ukuze idlulise ngokushesha “idatha yokuzwa.” Amamodeli esikhumba sokwenziwa adlule acubungule lawa maphikseli ngokulandelana, okudale ukuleleka. Ngokusho kokuhlolwa okwenziwe yiqembu, i-ACES ingcono kakhulu kunesikhumba somuntu uma kukhulunywa ngempendulo ethintekayo. Idivayisi ikwazi ukubona ingcindezi ngokushesha izikhathi ezingaphezu kwe-1,000 kunohlelo lwezinzwa lomuntu.

Khonamanjalo, ngo-2021, abacwaningi abavela emanyuvesi amathathu aseNingizimu Korea bakha isimiso sezinzwa sokwenziwa esingasabela ekukhanyeni futhi senze imisebenzi eyisisekelo. Ucwaningo luhlanganisa i-photodiode eguqula ukukhanya kube isignali kagesi, isandla serobhothi, i-neuron circuit, kanye ne-transistor esebenza njenge-synapse. Ngaso sonke isikhathi lapho ukukhanya kukhanyisiwe, i-photodiode iyihumusha ibe amasignali, ahamba nge-mechanical transistor. Amasignali abe esecutshungulwa yisekethe ye-neuron, eyala isandla serobhothi ukuthi sibambe ibhola elihlelelwe ukuthi lehle ngokushesha lapho ukukhanya kukhanya. Abacwaningi banethemba lokuthi bazothuthukisa lobu buchwepheshe ukuze isandla serobhothi sigcine sibambe ibhola ngokushesha nje lapho liwa. Umgomo oyinhloko walolu cwaningo ukuqeqesha abantu abanezimo zemizwa ukuze baphinde balawule izitho zabo abangakwazi ukuzilawula ngokushesha njengakudala. 

Imithelela yezinhlelo zezinzwa zokwenziwa

Imithelela ebanzi yesistimu yezinzwa yokwenziwa ingase ihlanganise: 

• Ukwakhiwa kwamarobhothi e-humanoid anesikhumba esifana nesomuntu esingasabela ezenzweni ngokushesha njengabantu.
• Iziguli ezishaywa unhlangothi kanye nabantu abanezimo ezihlobene nokukhubazeka bakwazi ukubuyisela umuzwa wabo wokuthinta ngokusebenzisa amasekhethi ezinzwa ashumekwe ohlelweni lwabo lwezinzwa.
• Ukuqeqeshwa kwerobhothi kuba okuthintayo, lapho opharetha bekude bekwazi ukuzwa ukuthi amarobhothi athinta ini. Lesi sici singaba usizo ekuhloleni isikhala.
• Intuthuko ekubonweni kokuthinta lapho imishini ikwazi ukubona izinto ngokuzibona kanye nokuzithinta kanyekanye.
• Abantu abanezinzwa ezithuthukisiwe noma ezithuthukisiwe ezinama-reflexes asheshayo. Lokhu kuthuthukiswa kungaba yinzuzo kubasubathi namasosha.

Imibuzo ongaphawula ngayo

• Ungathanda ukuba nesimiso sezinzwa esithuthukisiwe?
• Yiziphi ezinye izinzuzo ezingaba khona zamarobhothi angazizwa?