I-quantum esekwe ekukhanyeni: Ikusasa eliqhakazile le-quantum computing

• About the Author:
• Igama lomlobi

  I-Quantumrun Foresight
• February 26, 2024

Isifinyezo sokuqonda

Intuthuko yakamuva yekhompuyutha ye-quantum esekelwe ekukhanyeni iphakamisa ukushintsha kobuchwepheshe bekhompyutha, ukusuka ezindleleni zendabuko kuya ekusebenziseni izinhlayiya zokukhanya ukuze kucutshungulwe. Lolu shintsho luthembisa ukuxazulula izinkinga ngokuphumelelayo nangokushesha emikhakheni eyahlukene kanye namandla ezinzuzo zemvelo ngenxa yokuncipha kwezidingo zamandla. Lokhu kuthuthukiswa kuphinde kuphakamise imibuzo ebalulekile mayelana nokuphepha kwedatha, ukuvela kwemakethe yemisebenzi, nokuncintisana komhlaba wonke kwezobuchwepheshe.

Ingqikithi ye-quantum esekelwe ekukhanyeni

Intuthuko eminingana ibilokhu ivela kukhompyutha ye-quantum esekelwe ekukhanyeni. I-quantum computing esekelwe ekukhanyeni, noma i-photonic quantum computing, isebenzisa ama-photon (izinhlayiya ezikhanyayo) ukwenza izibalo. Ngokuphambene, ikhompyutha yendabuko isebenzisa amasekhethi kagesi namabhithi. NgoJuni 2023, abacwaningi be-MIT bathola ukuthi i-lead-halide perovskite nanoparticles ingakhiqiza ukugeleza okungaguquki kwama-photons. Lezi zinto azigcini nje ngokuthembisa ama-solar panels esikhathini esizayo ngenxa yokukhanya kwazo okulula nokulula kokukhiqiza, kodwa futhi zivelele ngenxa yamandla azo ezobuchwepheshe obuphambili ngoba zingenziwa kalula futhi zisetshenziswe ezindaweni ezifana nengilazi.

Kwathi ngo-Okthoba 2023, ososayensi baseShayina benza intuthuko ngekhompyutha yabo entsha ye-quantum esekwe ekukhanyeni, i-Jiuzhang 3.0, eseqophe umlando omusha ngokuthola ama-photon angu-255, edlula kude umanduleli wayo we-Jiuzhang 2.0's 113 photon. Le ntuthuko ivumela i-Jiuzhang 3.0 ukuthi yenze ngokushesha izikhathi eziyisigidi kune-Jiuzhang 2.0 ekuxazululeni izinkinga zesampula ye-Gaussian boson, imodeli yezibalo eyinkimbinkimbi esetshenziswa ku-quantum computing. Ngokumangazayo, i-Jiuzhang 3.0 ingacubungula amasampula esampula e-Gaussian boson ayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu nge-microsecond eyodwa nje, umsebenzi lowo ikhompuyutha enkulu eshesha kakhulu emhlabeni, i-Frontier, engawudinga ngaphezu kweminyaka eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-20 ukuwuqeda. 

Ekugcineni, ngoJanuwari 2024, ososayensi baseJapan bamemezela intuthuko enkulu ekuqedeni isidingo samazinga okushisa aphansi kakhulu adingwa yimishini yamanje ye-quantum esekelwe ukukhanya. Ukuphumelela kwabo kuhilela umthombo osebenza kahle kakhulu "wokukhanya okucindezelweyo" wokudlulisa ulwazi ukuze kwakhiwe ikhompuyutha ye-quantum enamandla ngo-2030. Lokhu kuthuthukiswa kunikeza izinzuzo ezingaba khona zokulinganisa kanye nokusebenza kwamandla ngaphezu kwezinye izindlela ezifana ne-superconducting kanye namakhompyutha e-quantum asekelwe ku-silicon.

Umthelela ophazamisayo

Ukuthuthuka kwekhompuyutha ye-quantum esekwe ekukhanyeni kulindeleke ukuthi kuthuthukise kakhulu ukusebenza kahle kwekhompyutha kanye nesivinini. Ikhono lalobu buchwepheshe lokusebenzisa izinga lokushisa legumbi linciphisa isidingo sezinhlelo zokupholisa eziyinkimbinkimbi, okulenza livumelane nemvelo futhi lingabizi kakhulu. Ukwenyuka kokusebenza kahle kanye nezindleko eziphansi zokusebenza kungakhuthaza ukwamukelwa kabanzi kobuchwepheshe bekhompuyutha be-quantum emikhakheni ehlukahlukene, kusheshiswe ucwaningo nentuthuko kubuhlakani bokwenziwa, isayensi yezinto ezibonakalayo, kanye ne-cryptography.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwekhompuyutha ye-quantum esekelwe ekukhanyeni kungase futhi kuholele ekufinyeleleni okusheshayo nokuthengekayo kwezinsiza ezithuthukisiwe zokubala. Lokhu kushintsha kungase kuphumele ekuvikelekeni komuntu siqu okuthuthukisiwe ngokusebenzisa izindlela zokubethela eziyinkimbinkimbi zokuvikela idatha. Kwezemfundo, intuthuko enjalo ingase inikeze abafundi nabacwaningi amathuluzi amasha okufunda nokuthola. Ukwengeza, njengoba lobu buchwepheshe bukhula, bungadala amathuba amasha emisebenzi nezindlela zomsebenzi kumakhompuyutha we-quantum kanye nezimboni ezihlobene.

Ohulumeni cishe bazobheka lezi zenzakalo njengethuba lokuthuthukisa amakhono kazwelonke kwezesayensi nobuchwepheshe. Ukutshalwa kwezimali kukhompyutha ye-quantum esekelwe ekukhanyeni kungakhuphula umkhawulo wezwe wokuncintisana ezimbonini zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu nocwaningo. Lobu buchwepheshe bungase futhi budinge ukubuyekezwa kwezinhlaka zokulawula, ikakhulukazi eziphathelene nokuphepha kwedatha, ukuze kubhekwane nezinselele ezintsha ezilethwa amakhono athuthukile okubala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ohulumeni kungase kudingeke bakhuthaze ubudlelwano phakathi kwezemfundo, izimboni, nezikhungo zocwaningo ukuze basebenzise ngokugcwele amandla ekhompuyutha esekelwe ekukhanyeni.

Imithelela ye-quantum esekwe ekukhanyeni

Imithelela ebanzi ye-quantum esekwe ekukhanyeni ingafaka: 

• Amakhono ekhompyutha athuthukisiwe emikhakheni yocwaningo, okuholela ekufanisweni kwesimo sezulu esisheshayo nenembe kakhudlwana kanye nemiphumela yocwaningo lwezifo.
• Ukutholwa okusheshisiwe nokuthuthukiswa kwezinto ezintsha nezidakamizwa, kunciphisa isikhathi nezindleko zokuletha lokhu emakethe.
• Ukwanda kwesidingo sezindlela zokubethela ezimelana ne-quantum, okuholela ekwandeni kokutshalwa kwezimali kwe-cybersecurity kanye nokuqanjwa okusha kubuchwepheshe bokuvikela idatha.
• Ukushintsha kokugxilwa kwezemfundo ku-quantum computing nezinkambu ezihlobene, ukudala amathuba amasha okufunda nezindlela zemisebenzi kubuchwepheshe obusafufusa.
• Ohulumeni abatshala imali kwingqalasizinda yekhompuyutha ye-quantum kanye nemfundo, okuhloswe ngayo ukuzuza umkhawulo wokuncintisana ebuholini bomhlaba jikelele kwezobuchwepheshe.
• Izinguquko ku-geopolitical dynamics, njengoba amazwe elwela ukubusa emandleni e-quantum computing, okungenzeka aholele kumadlelandawonye amasha kanye nezimbangi.
• Ukwenziwa ngentando yeningi kwezinsiza zokubala zezinga eliphezulu, okuvumela amabhizinisi amancane nezikhungo zocwaningo ukuthi ziqhudelane nezinkampani ezinkulu.
• Ukukhuphuka ezindleleni zokuhlanganisa ezonga amandla nezingangeni imvelo, okunomthelela ekuncishisweni kwezinyathelo zekhabhoni embonini yezobuchwepheshe.
• Ukuguqulwa kwamamodeli ebhizinisi emikhakheni efana nezezimali nezokuthutha ngenxa yokuthuthukiswa okuthuthukisiwe kanye nekhono lokubikezela lokumodela.
• Izinselele zomthetho nezokuziphatha ezivela emakhonweni athuthukile okubala, ezidinga imithethonqubo emisha nezinhlaka zokuphatha.

Imibuzo okufanele icatshangelwe

• Ukuhlanganisa i-quantum computing esekelwe ukukhanya ezimbonini ezihlukahlukene kungase kuyimise kanjani kabusha imakethe yemisebenzi?
• Yiziphi izindlela ukuthuthuka kwe-quantum computing okungathinta ngayo ukuphepha kwedatha yomhlaba wonke?