Local-first software movement: Taking apps offline

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  Quantumrun Foresight
• March 25, 2025

Insight summary

Local-first software is giving users full control over their data and allowing them to work offline with automatic syncing when reconnected. This shift reduces reliance on cloud services, lowers costs, and opens new possibilities for privacy-focused applications, but it also introduces challenges such as data security risks and device storage limitations. As more businesses and governments adapt to this model, users may experience greater digital freedom, while industries and policymakers navigate the complexities of decentralized data management and privacy regulations.

Local-first software movement context

The local-first software movement is redefining how applications handle data, placing user control and device independence at the forefront. Unlike traditional cloud-based applications, which store and process data on remote servers, local-first software ensures that users' devices are the primary source of truth. This approach allows users to work offline, with changes syncing seamlessly when they reconnect to the internet. The term "local-first" gained traction after a 2019 white paper by computer scientist Martin Kleppmann. His manifesto emphasized giving users autonomy over their data, reducing reliance on large tech corporations' servers, and fostering a more resilient, user-centered computing experience.

A key innovation enabling local-first applications is the use of Conflict-Free Replicated Data Types (CRDTs), which allow multiple users to edit documents offline and reconcile changes automatically upon syncing. This concept, initially developed by French theorist Marc Shapiro over two decades ago, found new life in the local-first movement. Tools like Automerge, an open-source CRDT implementation developed by Kleppmann, make it easier for developers to build collaborative applications without central servers. As a result, applications such as Apple Notes and Jupyter Notebooks have integrated CRDTs to enhance offline functionality and real-time collaboration. Furthermore, startups like Fission are pushing the boundaries of local-first development, focusing on user-owned data and seamless synchronization.

Developers are also creating tools that simplify the complexities of synchronization, state management, and data persistence. Platforms like TinyBase and Yjs provide developers with essential building blocks for crafting local-first applications, while frameworks like Expo and libraries such as Legend-State streamline the development process. Even established tools like Prisma are adapting to support local-first architecture, highlighting the growing interest in this model. 

Disruptive impact

Users could benefit from the ability to work on applications like text editors, graphic design tools, or even project management platforms without an internet connection, with automatic syncing when online. This reduces reliance on cloud services, potentially lowering subscription costs and eliminating worries about losing access when services shut down or experience outages. However, individuals may face new challenges, including managing data storage across multiple devices and handling more complex app setups that require local resources. Security concerns may also rise as sensitive data stored locally becomes a target for malware and device theft, leading users to prioritize stronger encryption and device protection measures.

Startups and independent developers could build feature-rich applications without maintaining expensive cloud infrastructure, allowing them to focus more on user experience. Companies may also explore new business models that do not rely on user data monetization, appealing to privacy-conscious customers. However, managing data synchronization and conflict resolution across multiple devices could increase development complexity, requiring investment in specialized algorithms. In addition, businesses offering collaboration tools may face competitive pressure to implement seamless offline and real-time sync features, raising the bar for performance expectations in their markets.

Policies may need to adapt to address data privacy and security concerns as more personal and sensitive information is stored locally on user devices rather than centralized cloud servers. Governments could also encourage local-first development through grants or incentives, particularly for education or healthcare, where data ownership and offline access are crucial. However, authorities may face difficulties enforcing data protection laws, as tracking the movement of decentralized data becomes more complex. Additionally, governments may need to invest in digital literacy programs to help citizens understand how to manage and protect their local data effectively.

Implications of local first software movement

Wider implications of local first software movement may include: 

• More decentralized app development, leading to increased competition and diversity in the tech market.
• Businesses adopting local-first models reducing dependence on cloud providers, leading to lower operational costs and more affordable software for consumers.
• Local data storage increasing energy consumption on personal devices, leading to higher electronic waste and environmental concerns.
• Governments facing new challenges in enforcing data protection laws, leading to the creation of stricter regulations around local data security and encryption.
• Increased need for developers skilled in conflict resolution algorithms, leading to new specialized tech jobs.
• Users gaining more control over their data reducing concerns about corporate surveillance, leading to stronger public trust in digital services.
• The ability to work offline promoting greater access to technology in areas with limited internet connectivity, leading to reduced digital inequality.
• Traditional cloud service providers facing declining demand, leading to potential shifts in their business models towards hybrid or local-first solutions.
• Local-first collaboration tools enabling remote and asynchronous teamwork, leading to more flexible work environments and changes in corporate structures.
• Educational institutions adopting local-first applications enhancing offline learning capabilities, leading to more resilient education systems in regions with unstable internet access.

Questions to consider

• How could having complete control over your data change how you use everyday apps?
• How might local-first software reshape how businesses and teams collaborate remotely?