In-womb treatments: Pre-birth medical breakthroughs

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  Quantumrun Foresight
• March 4, 2024

Insight summary

In-womb treatments are transforming the approach to treating genetic disorders, offering therapies before birth to prevent or reduce damage caused by these conditions. These advancements not only promise better health outcomes for individuals but also have wide-ranging implications for healthcare, insurance, and ethical policies. The growing adoption of such treatments could prompt changes across various sectors, from medical research to legal frameworks.

In-womb treatments context

In-womb treatments represent a significant advancement, particularly in treating genetic disorders. The process typically involves directly delivering therapeutic substances, such as enzymes or drugs, to the fetus, often through the umbilical vein. This method has recently gained attention due to its potential to treat diseases before the baby is born, potentially reducing or preventing the damage caused by specific genetic conditions.

A compelling example of this technology's impact is the case of Ayla, a toddler who was diagnosed with infantile-onset Pompe disease, a rare genetic disorder. This condition, which affects fewer than 1 out of 138,000 babies globally, leads to organ damage that begins before birth, primarily impacting the heart and muscles. Traditionally, treatment for Pompe disease starts after birth, but this delay can allow irreversible organ damage to occur. However, Ayla's treatment began in utero as part of a clinical trial, resulting in her having a normal heart and reaching developmental milestones, such as walking. 

Research has expanded to encompass other rare genetic disorders, such as X-Linked Hypohidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia (XLHED). This condition, affecting about 4 out of every 100,000 live male births annually, leads to various physical manifestations due to abnormal development of the skin, sweat glands, and other tissues. In 2016, a significant stride was made when twin boys with XLHED received in-womb treatment, resulting in them being able to sweat normally and showing improved saliva production and dental development. 

Disruptive impact

As these treatments become more refined and widely used, they can potentially reduce the lifelong healthcare costs associated with managing chronic genetic conditions. Early intervention could mean fewer hospitalizations and medical interventions throughout the patient's life, leading to a more efficient allocation of healthcare resources. Additionally, the success of these treatments could encourage further investment and research in prenatal medicine, potentially leading to new therapies for a range of genetic disorders.

The advent of in-womb treatments represents a shift towards more proactive and preventive healthcare. For example, treating conditions like XLHED before birth can prevent some of the most challenging symptoms, such as issues with sweat glands and teeth development. In the long term, these individuals may experience fewer health-related limitations and a reduced psychological burden associated with managing a chronic condition.

On a governmental level, the success of in-womb treatments could lead to policy changes and new frameworks for prenatal care. Governments and health organizations may need to consider revising guidelines and funding policies to support these treatments. This review could lead to more widespread screening for genetic conditions and increased access to prenatal therapies, ultimately contributing to a healthier population. Furthermore, the success of these treatments in preventing lifelong disabilities could have broader economic benefits, including reducing the demand for specialized care and support services and increasing the potential for individuals to contribute fully to society.

Implications of in-womb treatments

Wider implications of in-womb treatments may include: 

• Increased demand for genetic counseling services, leading to the expansion of this profession and more specialized educational programs.


• Health insurance policies adapting to cover prenatal genetic treatments, resulting in broader healthcare coverage for expectant parents.


• A shift in pharmaceutical research and development focus toward prenatal therapies, influencing funding and resource allocation.


• A growing market for in-womb treatment technologies, potentially leading to new startups and business models in the biotech sector.


• Changes in public perception and understanding of genetic diseases, possibly reducing stigma and increasing support for affected families.


• An increase in prenatal screening, leading to more informed reproductive decisions and changes in birth rates for certain genetic conditions.


• Enhanced collaboration between obstetricians, geneticists, and pediatricians, fostering interdisciplinary approaches in medical care.


• New legal and ethical considerations around consent and decision-making in prenatal treatments, influencing healthcare policies and patient rights.

Questions to consider

• How might the widespread adoption of in-womb treatments reshape our societal values and attitudes toward individuals with genetic disorders?


• What ethical considerations should be prioritized when administering prenatal genetic treatments?